tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54425315920985924212024-03-18T20:39:56.190-07:00CHENNAI Animation Artist ANIKARTICK SKETCHESAnimation Sketches,illustration,pencil sketches,line drawings,background drawings,animation characters etc...Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.comBlogger82125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-12817073017212665552014-12-31T06:45:00.001-08:002014-12-31T06:45:25.911-08:00ART CHENNAI - HAPPY NEW YEAR 2015 WISHES TO ALL<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-24599266642074601142014-12-31T06:36:00.001-08:002014-12-31T06:36:58.198-08:00ART CHENNAI - HAPPY NEW YEAR 2015 Wishes To All - Anikartick,chennai,Tamil Nadu,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-71977426071787826912014-12-31T06:29:00.002-08:002014-12-31T06:29:55.259-08:00NELSON MANDELA - Art / Drawing / Illustration / Pen drawing / Line Drawing / Sketches / - Artist Anikartick,Chennai,TamilNadu,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-25082119918419252562014-12-31T06:25:00.001-08:002014-12-31T06:25:25.747-08:00CHE GUEVARA - Ernesto CHE GUEVARA - Art / Illustration / Pen Drawing / Line Drawing / Sketches Done by Anikartick,Chennai,TamilNadu,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-51716121542148264992014-12-31T06:12:00.001-08:002014-12-31T06:12:10.269-08:00ART CHENNAI - AYYAPPAN - SWAMY AYYAPPAN - LORD AYYAPPAN - GOD AYYAPPAN - AYYAPPA SWAMY - Lord SWAMY AYYAPPAN - SASTAVU - MANIKANDAN - SASTA - Son of HARIHARA - Son of Lord SHIVA and Lord VISHNU(Lady Mohini Avatar) - SABARIMALAI AYYAPPAN - HARIHARASUTAN called by us as many names - Artworks - Anikartick<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<span dir="auto">Ayyappan</span></h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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"Swami Ayyappan" redirects here. For the 1975 film, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Ayyappan_(1975_film)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)">Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)</a>. For the 2012 film, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Ayyappan_(2012_film)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Swami Ayyappan (2012 film)">Swami Ayyappan (2012 film)</a>.</div>
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<tr><td style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;">Part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_saints" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of Hindu gurus and saints">Gurus, saints, philosophers</a><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#" id="NavToggle6" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; outline: none; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[show]</a></div>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffc569; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Ayyappan</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Affiliation</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a>, incarnation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> in Masculine form<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#cite_note-1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Abode</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarimala" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sabarimala">Sabarimala</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="India">India</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa</i></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Weapon</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Bow and arrow</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Consort</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">None</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahana" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Tiger,</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Region</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td></tr>
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<b>Ayyappan</b> (also called <b>Sastavu</b>, <b>Manikandan</b> or <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Shasta (deity)">Sasta</a></b>) is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> deity who is believed to be the son of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harihara" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Harihara">Harihara</a>, a rigvedic deity fused with both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. He is generally depicted in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Yoga">yogic posture</a>, wearing a jewel around his neck, hence named Manikandan, Literally meaning "With bell around the neck".</div>
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By the 20th century, there has been an increase in the number of worshipers of Ayyappan from many different groups, spurred by vast improvements in transport and communication in southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="India">India</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#cite_note-2" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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Ayyappan's annual festival is a time of pilgrimage for ever-growing numbers of men from throughout South India. The most prominent and famous Ayyappan shrine is the one at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarimala" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sabarimala">Sabarimala</a>, in the hills of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathanamthitta" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, with over 30 million devotees visiting it every year,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#cite_note-3" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> making it one of the largest<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> sites in the world. These devotees fast and engage in austerities under the leadership of a Periya Swami (one who has undertaken the pilgrimage to Sabarimala for 18 years) for weeks barefoot and then travel in groups to the shrine for a glimpse of Ayyappan. Bus tickets are hard to obtain for several weeks as masses of elated men, clad in distinctive ritual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhoti" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhoti">dhotis</a> of saffron, black and light blue colors, throng public transportation during their trip to the shrine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#cite_note-4" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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The name "Sri Ayyappan" is used as a respectful form of address in Malayalam and Sanskrit. The equivalent of Sri is "Thiru" in Tamil. The mantra <i>Swamiye Saranam Ayyappa</i> is translated in English as, "Lord Ayyappa, I seek refuge in you".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ganesan_5-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#cite_note-Ganesan-5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#" id="togglelink" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#Etymology" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#Legends_surrounding_Ayyappan" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Legends surrounding Ayyappan</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">2.1</a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#In_popular_culture" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#See_also" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#References" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#External_links" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayyappan&action=edit&section=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2>
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Ayyappan is known as "Hariharasutan" because he is the son of Hari (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>), the saviour and Hara (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>), the destroyer. His most common name is "Manikandan" because when the king Rajasekara Pandiyan of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandalam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Pandalam">Pandalam</a> found little Ayyappan in a forest there was a "mani" (bell, in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>) tied around his "kanda" (neck, in Sanskrit).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#cite_note-6" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#cite_note-7" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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As Dharma Sastha, many of them consider him to be born out of the union between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohini" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mohini">Mohini</a> (an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#cite_note-8" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Legends_surrounding_Ayyappan">Legends surrounding Ayyappan</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayyappan&action=edit&section=2" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Legends surrounding Ayyappan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayyappa_Idol_at_Mridngasaileswari_temple.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1359" data-file-width="1332" height="224" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ayyappa_Idol_at_Mridngasaileswari_temple.jpg/220px-Ayyappa_Idol_at_Mridngasaileswari_temple.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ayyappa_Idol_at_Mridngasaileswari_temple.jpg/330px-Ayyappa_Idol_at_Mridngasaileswari_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ayyappa_Idol_at_Mridngasaileswari_temple.jpg/440px-Ayyappa_Idol_at_Mridngasaileswari_temple.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br /><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayyappa_Idol_at_Mridngasaileswari_temple.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; -webkit-user-select: none; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); color: #0b0080; display: block; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; height: 11px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
An ancient idol of Shasta Dharma, a form of Ayyappan</div>
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<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span class="mw-headline" id=""></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayyappan&action=edit&section=3" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: ">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h3>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Asura">asura</a> Mahishi was burning up with anger at the trick the gods had pulled on her brother, the asura king <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahishasura" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>. As Mahishasura was blessed with invulnerability to all men, the gods had sent goddess <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Durga">Durga</a>, to fight and kill him. Thus, Mahishi began performing a fearsome set of austerities, and pleased the creator god <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>. She asked for the boon of invulnerability, but Brahma said it was not possible so Mahishi planned and asked invulnerability to all men except by the son of Shiva and Vishnu (Both are male & no possibility to give birth to any one). He granted her the boon of ruling the universe and being invulnerable except by the son of Shiva and Vishnu. Since such a person did not exist, she thought she was safe and began conquering and plundering the world.</div>
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The gods implored Shiva and Vishnu to save them from this catastrophe. Vishnu found a possible solution to the problem. When Vishnu had taken on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurma" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kurma">Kurma</a>Avatar, he also had to manifest himself as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohini" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mohini">Mohini</a>, the enchantress, to save the nectar of immortality (ambrosia or amrit) from the demons who were not willing to share it with the gods. If he became Mohini again, then the female Mohini and the male Shiva could have the divine child who would combine the powers of Durga as per Brahmand Purana and beat Mahishi. Skanda purana states that Durga took birth in masculine form as Dharamshasta.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyappan#cite_note-9" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
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Some versions give a slightly more detailed version of the union of Shiva with Vishnu. One version tells that the asura Bhasmasura (Bhasma means 'Ashes') had so pleased Lord Shiva with his austerities that Shiva gave him a boon of anything he wished. So Bhasmasura asked for the ability to burn to ashes anything which he placed his hand over. No sooner had Shiva granted this, than Bhasmasura ran after the god, threatening to turn him to ashes.</div>
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Shiva called to Lord Vishnu for help. He hide himself in a peepal tree as Bhasmasura ran here and there searching for the god. Vishnu became aware of the events, and decided that he would take the female form Mohini, "the Enchanting", and try to trump the asura's powers. When Bhasmasura saw Vishnu in this form, he was bewitched by her beauty. He earnestly tried to court her. So Vishnu instructed Bhasmasura to hold his hand over his head, and vow fidelity. With this act, Bhasmasura was reduced to ashes.</div>
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Vishnu found Shiva and explained the whole affair to him. Shiva asked if he too could see Vishnu in this female form. When Vishnu appeared thus, Shiva was overcome with passion, and united with her. The two gods thus became "Harihara Murthi", that is a composite form of Shiva and Vishnu as one god.</div>
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From this union, Lord Sree Dharma Sastha was born. He combined in himself the powers of Vishnu and Shiva. Lord Ayyappan is an incarnation of Lord Sree Dharma Sastha and Lord Ayyappan is a visible embodiment of their essential identity. Sri Ayyappa belongs to Pandya Royal Community. He was the head of a clan. It is believed Sri Ayyappa merged to sri dharma sastha. Lord Vishnu gifted the new-born deity with a little bejeweled bell necklace, so this god is called Manikantha. He is also Known as Dharma Shastha.</div>
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There are many popular stories associated with Him among the devotees. The stories differ, but there are certain common elements:</div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Ayyappa lived in the Pandalam Palace as the son / savior of the King.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">He had super-human or divine knowledge, wisdom, and courage and loved the King and his people.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">He protected the King and the kingdom from the attacks of enemies.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">At the end of His life in Pandalam, He vanished into the forests and is ever since worshiped at the Sabarimala temple.</li>
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The most popular and widely accepted story tells that Lord Ayyappa had His human sojourn as the son of the Raja of Pandalam. At that time, Raja Rajasekhara Pandiyan ruled the kingdom of Pandalam. During one of his hunting expeditions, the Raja was puzzled to hear the wails of a child on the banks of the river Pampa, and was surprised to find a resplendent infant there. The beautiful baby with radiant face wore a bead ('mani') around his neck. The King, though pious, charitable, just, and God-fearing, had no children. He accepted the child as God's gracious response to his fervent prayer for an heir to his throne. Manikandan grew into a boy well versed in academic lore and martial arts. Meanwhile the Rani gave birth to a son. The King regarded Manikandan as his elder son. He decided to crown him as the Yuvaraja. The King's corrupt Minister had a deep dislike for Manikandan, and made the innocent Queen believe that ill would befall her if Manikandan was crowned Yuvaraja and that the kingdom actually belonged to her son.</div>
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They conspired to get rid of Manikandan by hook or crook. They bribed the royal physician into becoming an accomplice of theirs. The Rani pretended to be afflicted with severe pain in the stomach, and the physician prescribed the milk of a tigress as the only cure. The King knew that none could be deputed for a mission that was so patently suicidal. However, the youthful and valiant Manikandan stepped forth and volunteered to fetch the milk. Despite the worried protestations of his foster-father, he set out for the fearful forests.</div>
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Days later, Manikandan entered the palace precincts riding a fierce tigress and followed by a pack of its cubs. The schemers were frightened into confessing their nefarious plot. They and others now knew that Manikandan was no ordinary being. They were convinced of His divine origins, and prayed to Him to be with them for their own salvation and for the safety of the kingdom. However, Manikandan was now determined to leave the place.</div>
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Filled with happiness, grief, fear, wonder and bhakti and self-surrender, the king prayed for the mercy and blessings of Manikandan. He repented he could not fully visualize the truth of the divine powers of the Lord and repeatedly requested Him to forgive him for behaving as if He were only his son. The Lord lovingly embraced the King who continued to pray: " Lord, kindly bless me by freeing me from my egos and the worldly life of birth and rebirth and grant me ' moksha’ (salvation). Kindly continue to be the saviour of my family and stay eternally in my kingdom.” Manikandan then enlightened the King on the path of attainment of 'moksha'. These words of the Lord are contained in ‘Bhuthanathageetha'. To the King who is by now mentally cleansed and completely immersed in 'bhakthi', Lord Ayyappa said: "I am to free you from all worldly sorrows & worries and to grant you 'moksha'. All those who are and would be born in your family shall have my blessings unfailingly. I am always accessible to 'bhakthi' and only 'bhakthi." The Lord told the King that he could construct a temple at Sabarimala, north of the holy river Pampa and install His deity there. Ayyappa also explained how the Sabarimala pilgrimage shall be undertaken, emphasizing the importance of 'vrutham' and what the devotees can attain by His 'darshan'.</div>
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The Lord further consoled the King saying that the devotees who held him and his descendants in 'bhakthi' shall happen to be devoted to Him as well. Manikandan then blessed the King and all others assembled there, and vanished. The King duly constructed the temple at Sabarimala, dedicated to Him.</div>
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There are various tales connected with Lord Ayyappa: the discovery of the child at Pampa, Manikandan's youthful days in the Pandalam palace, bestowing the power of hearing and speaking upon the deaf and dumb son of His teacher as Guru-dakshina, His friendship with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vavar">Vavar</a>, bringing the tigress's milk, accomplishing His divinely destined mission of annihilation of the demoness Mahishi, eliminating the forest-thug Udayanan, bestowing moksha on Sabari, blessing His foster-father with moksha and so on. Legend also goes to say that Manikandan was the incarnation of Lord Dharma Sastha. Raja Rajasekhara was in his previous birth a rich and pious 'Brahmin ' by name Vijayan who was a very strong believer and devotee of Lord Dharma Sastha.</div>
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Another tale goes like this: Lord Ayyappan as Manikandan born to Pandala Maharaja is set to conquer the King Udayan who is a strong Buddhist and has been harassing the people of Pamba region. Maharaja sends Manikandan to learn martial arts<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalari" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kalari">Kalari</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerappanchira" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Cheerappanchira">Cheerappanchira</a>, the Muhamma of today in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alappuzha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a> district. The panicker there trains him of Kalari. It is here where the Guru's daughter Nila falls in love with Lord Ayyappa (Manikandan) but He refuses to marry telling he is a Bhrammachari and has a mission. She offers a sweet made out in a function in their family which Lord likes. This sweet payasam was what turned out to be the Aravanapayasam today.</div>
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The 2012 album of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Unnikrishnan" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="P. Unnikrishnan">P. Unnikrishnan</a> on Lord Ayyappan in Tamil called SABARIMALAI VA CHARANAM SOLLI VA has a song on the Ayyappan temple at Mukkal vettom (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerappanchira" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Cheerappanchira">Cheerappanchira</a>) where the current priest, of the vamsam of Lord's Guru who trained him Kalari, still performs the poojas for the Lord who poses with the war attire.</div>
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A Holy Song that is used to wake up Ayyappan in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarimala" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sabarimala">Sabarimala</a> temple is known as Ayyappa Suprabhatham, an another song which for making ayyappa sleep is the famous song <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harivarasanam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Harivarasanam">Harivarasanam</a>.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-85501295549108706942014-10-28T09:19:00.004-07:002014-10-28T09:19:53.549-07:00CHENNAI ARTIST DOODLE SKETCHES / DOODLE DRAWINGS / DOODLE ARTWORKS / DOODLE PEN DRAWINGS / DOODLE LINEWORKS / - Artist Anikartick,Chennai,TamilNadu,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Doodle</b><br /><b>A doodle is an unfocused or unconscious drawing made while a person's attention is otherwise occupied. Doodles are simple drawings that can have concrete representational meaning or may just be abstract shapes.</b><br /><br /><b>Stereotypical examples of doodling are found in school notebooks, often in the margins, drawn by students daydreaming or losing interest during class. Other common examples of doodling are produced during long telephone conversations if a pen and paper are available.</b><br /><br /><b>Popular kinds of doodles include cartoon versions of teachers or companions in a school, famous TV or comic characters, invented fictional beings, landscapes, geometric shapes, patterns and textures.</b><br /><b>Etymology[edit]</b><br /><b>The word doodle first appeared in the early 17th century to mean a fool or simpleton.[1] It may derive from the German Dudeltopf or Dudeldop, meaning simpleton or noodle (literally "nightcap").[1]</b><br /><br /><b>The meaning "fool, simpleton" is intended in the song title "Yankee Doodle", originally sung by British colonial troops prior to the American Revolutionary War. This is also the origin of the early eighteenth century verb to doodle, meaning "to swindle or to make a fool of". The modern meaning emerged in the 1930s either from this meaning or from the verb "to dawdle", which since the seventeenth century has had the meaning of wasting time or being lazy.</b><br /><br /><b>In the movie Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Mr. Deeds mentions that "doodle" was a word made up to describe scribblings to help a person think. According to the DVD audio commentary track, the word as used in this sense was invented by screenwriter Robert Riskin.[citation needed]</b><br /><b>Effects on memory[edit]</b><br /><b>According to a study published in the scientific journal Applied Cognitive Psychology, doodling can aid a person's memory by expending just enough energy to keep one from daydreaming, which demands a lot of the brain's processing power, as well as from not paying attention. Thus, it acts as a mediator between the spectrum of thinking too much or thinking too little and helps focus on the current situation. The study was done by Professor Jackie Andrade, of the School of Psychology at the University of Plymouth, who reported that doodlers in her experiment recalled 7.5 pieces of information (out of 16 total) on average, 29% more than the average of 5.8 recalled by the control group made of non-doodlers.[2]</b><br /><b>Alexander Pushkin's notebooks are celebrated for their superabundance of marginal doodles, which include sketches of friends' profiles, hands, and feet. These notebooks are regarded as a work of art in their own right. Full editions of Pushkin's doodles have been undertaken on several occasions.[3] Some of Pushkin's doodles were animated by Andrei Khrzhanovsky and Yuriy Norshteyn in the 1987 film My Favorite Time.[4][5]</b><br /><br /><b>Notable doodlers</b><br /><br /><b>Nobel laureate (in literature, 1913) poet Rabindranath Tagore made huge number of doodles in his manuscript.[6] Poet and physician John Keats doodled in the margins of his medical notes; other literary doodlers have included Samuel Beckett and Sylvia Plath.[7] Mathematician Stanislaw Ulam developed the Ulam spiral for visualization of prime numbers while doodling during a boring presentation at a mathematics conference.[8] Many American Presidents (including Thomas Jefferson, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton) have been known to doodle during meetings.[9]</b><br /><br /><b>Some doodles and drawings can be found in notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci.</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-46257357424772107952014-10-21T05:10:00.001-07:002014-10-21T05:10:11.104-07:00HAPPY DIWALI 2014 WISHES TO ALL ( Anaivarukkum iniya dheepavali Vazhthukkal - in Tamil ) - Artist Anikartick,Chennai,tamil Nadu,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span dir="auto"><span style="color: white;">Diwali</span></span></h1>
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<b><span style="color: white;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">"Deepavali" redirects here. For the 2000 film, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepavali_(2000_film)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Deepavali (2000 film)">Deepavali (2000 film)</a>. For the 2007 film, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepavali_(2007_film)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Deepavali (2007 film)">Deepavali (2007 film)</a>.</span></b></div>
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<tr><th class="hd" colspan="2" style="background-color: orange; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: white;">Diwali</span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: white;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img alt="The Rangoli of Lights.jpg" data-file-height="1522" data-file-width="1932" height="189" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg/240px-The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg/360px-The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg/480px-The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="240" /></a></b></span><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a> decorations, made using coloured powder, are popular during Diwali</span></b></div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">Also called</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;">Deepavali, Diwali, Thee Vazhi, Festival of Lights</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">Observed by</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Jain">Jains</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a></span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">Type</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;">Religious</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">Celebrations</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diya_(light)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Diya (light)">Diya</a> and Lighting, Home decoration, Shopping, Fireworks,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a> (Prayers), Gifts, Feast and Sweets</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">Begins</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanteras" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a>, 2 days before Diwali</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">Ends</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhau-beej" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bhau-beej">Bhai Dooj</a>, 2 days after Diwali</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">Date</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;">Decided by the Hindu <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">2014 date</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;">22 October (Wednesday) in South India<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> 23 October (Thursday)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-2" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">2015 date</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;">11 November (Wednesday)</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">2016 date</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;">30 October (Sunday)</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: red;">Related to</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Puja" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Diwali (Jainism)">Diwali (Jainism)</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;"><b><span style="color: white;">Part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><th style="background: rgb(255, 153, 51); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hinduism"><span style="color: white;">Hinduism</span></a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hinduism"><b><span style="color: white;"><img alt="Om.svg" data-file-height="367" data-file-width="356" height="103" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/100px-Om.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/150px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/200px-Om.svg.png 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="100" /></span></b></a></td></tr>
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<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali also known as Deepavali and the "festival of lights", is an ancient<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_festival" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu festival">Hindu festival</a> celebrated in autumn every year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OED-Diwali_3-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-OED-Diwali-3" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-4" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil, and hope over despair.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-htoday_5-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-htoday-5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-ReferenceA-6" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Demon_7-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Demon-7" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> The festival preparations and rituals typically extend over a five day period, but the main festival night of Diwali coincides with the darkest, new moon night of the Hindu Lunisolar month<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartika_(month)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Kartika (month)">Kartika</a>. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, Diwali night falls between mid-October and mid-November.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Before Diwali night, people clean, renovate and decorate their homes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Raat_8-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Raat-8" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> On Diwali night, Hindus dress up in new clothes or their best outfit, light up <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diya_(light)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Diya (light)">diyas</a></i>(lamps and candles) inside and outside their home, participate in family <i>puja</i>typically to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> - the goddess of wealth and prosperity. After <i>puja</i>(prayers), fireworks follow,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Firecracker1_9-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Firecracker1-9" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> then a family feast including <i>mithai</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_sweets" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="South Asian sweets">sweets</a>), and an exchange of gifts between family members and close friends. Diwali also marks a major shopping period in nations where it is celebrated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wsj_10-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-wsj-10" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is an important festival for Hindus. The name of festive days as well as the rituals of Diwali vary significantly among Hindus, based on the region of India. In many parts of India,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-11" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> the festivities start with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanteras" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a>, followed by<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdasi</a> on second day, Diwali on the third day, <i>Diwali Padva</i>dedicated to wife-husband relationship on the fourth day, and festivities end with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhau-beej" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bhau-beej">Bhau-beej</a> dedicated to sister-brother bond on the fifth day. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanteras" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a>usually falls eighteen days after <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navrati" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Navrati">Dussehra</a>.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">On the same night that Hindus celebrate Diwali, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Jainism">Jains</a> celebrate a festival of lights to mark the attainment of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavira" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sharma2006_12-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Sharma2006-12" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-N._Upadhye.2C_Review_1982_pp._231-232_13-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-N._Upadhye.2C_Review_1982_pp._231-232-13" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> celebrate<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-14" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is an official holiday in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-about_15-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-about-15" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>.</span></b></div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#" id="togglelink" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Etymology" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#History" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Significance" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Significance</span></span></b></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Spiritual_significance" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Spiritual significance</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Religious_significance_in_Hinduism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religious significance in Hinduism</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Religious_significance_in_Jainism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religious significance in Jainism</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Religious_significance_in_Sikhism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Religious significance in Sikhism</span></span></b></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Description_and_rituals" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Description and rituals</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Regional_variations_within_India" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Regional variations within India</span></span></b></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#New_Year_celebrations" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">New Year celebrations</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Melas" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Melas</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Andhra_Pradesh" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Andhra Pradesh</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Goa_and_Konkan" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Goa and Konkan</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Gujarat" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Gujarat</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Karnataka" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Karnataka</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Kerala" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Kerala</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Maharashtra" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.8</span> <span class="toctext">Maharashtra</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Odisha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.9</span> <span class="toctext">Odisha</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Tamil_Nadu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.10</span> <span class="toctext">Tamil Nadu</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Uttar_Pradesh" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.11</span> <span class="toctext">Uttar Pradesh</span></span></b></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Braj_region" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Braj region</span></span></b></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#West_Bengal.2C_Northeast_Bihar.2C_.26_Assam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">5.12</span> <span class="toctext">West Bengal, Northeast Bihar, & Assam</span></span></b></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#In_other_parts_of_the_world" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In other parts of the world</span></span></b></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Asia" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Asia</span></span></b></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Malaysia" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Malaysia</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Nepal" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nepal</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Singapore" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Singapore</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Sri_Lanka" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sri Lanka</span></span></b></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Beyond_Asia" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Beyond Asia</span></span></b></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Australia" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Caribbean" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Caribbean</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Fiji" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fiji</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#New_Zealand" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#United_Kingdom" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#United_States" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></span></b></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Festival_of_peace" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Festival of peace</span></span></b></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Economics_of_Diwali" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Economics of Diwali</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Issues" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Issues</span></span></b></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style: none none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Air_pollution" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Air pollution</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Burn_injuries" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Burn injuries</span></span></b></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Diwali_greetings_and_prayers" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Diwali greetings and prayers</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#Notes" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#References" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#External_links" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></b></a></li>
</ul>
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<div style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
<table cellspacing="3" class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 15px;"><b><span style="color: white;">Diwali celebrations</span></b></caption><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: auto; text-align: center; width: 350px;"><tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="vertical-align: top; width: 175px;"><div style="height: 115px; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 175px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepawali-festival.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="Deepawali-festival.jpg" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="416" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg/160px-Deepawali-festival.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg/240px-Deepawali-festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg/319px-Deepawali-festival.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="160" /></span></b></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;">
<b><span style="color: red;">Indoor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diya_(light)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Diya (light)">Diya</a> decoration on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdasi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Naraka Chaturdasi">Naraka Chaturdasi</a> night</span></b></div>
</td><td style="vertical-align: top; width: 175px;"><div style="height: 115px; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 175px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diya_necklace_Dipavali_Diwali_November_2013.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="Diya necklace Dipavali Diwali November 2013.jpg" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1800" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diya_necklace_Dipavali_Diwali_November_2013.jpg/173px-Diya_necklace_Dipavali_Diwali_November_2013.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diya_necklace_Dipavali_Diwali_November_2013.jpg/260px-Diya_necklace_Dipavali_Diwali_November_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diya_necklace_Dipavali_Diwali_November_2013.jpg/345px-Diya_necklace_Dipavali_Diwali_November_2013.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="173" /></span></b></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;">
<b><span style="color: red;">Outdoor Diya decoration on Diwali night</span></b></div>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="vertical-align: top; width: 175px;"><div style="height: 115px; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 175px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aakash_Kandils_Diwali_lighting_Pune_India_2013.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="Aakash Kandils Diwali lighting Pune India 2013.jpg" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1800" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Aakash_Kandils_Diwali_lighting_Pune_India_2013.jpg/173px-Aakash_Kandils_Diwali_lighting_Pune_India_2013.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Aakash_Kandils_Diwali_lighting_Pune_India_2013.jpg/260px-Aakash_Kandils_Diwali_lighting_Pune_India_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Aakash_Kandils_Diwali_lighting_Pune_India_2013.jpg/345px-Aakash_Kandils_Diwali_lighting_Pune_India_2013.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="173" /></span></b></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;">
<b><span style="color: red;">Diwali lanterns before <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanteras" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a> in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></span></b></div>
</td><td style="vertical-align: top; width: 175px;"><div style="height: 115px; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 175px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glowing_Swayambhu_(3005358416).jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="Glowing Swayambhu (3005358416).jpg" data-file-height="1178" data-file-width="1540" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg/150px-Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg/226px-Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg/301px-Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="150" /></span></b></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;">
<b><span style="color: red;">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Nepal">Nepalese</a> temple lighted up for Diwali</span></b></div>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="vertical-align: top; width: 175px;"><div style="height: 115px; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 175px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diwali_fireworks_and_lighting_celebrations_India_2012.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="Diwali fireworks and lighting celebrations India 2012.jpg" data-file-height="482" data-file-width="725" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Diwali_fireworks_and_lighting_celebrations_India_2012.jpg/173px-Diwali_fireworks_and_lighting_celebrations_India_2012.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Diwali_fireworks_and_lighting_celebrations_India_2012.jpg/260px-Diwali_fireworks_and_lighting_celebrations_India_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Diwali_fireworks_and_lighting_celebrations_India_2012.jpg/346px-Diwali_fireworks_and_lighting_celebrations_India_2012.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="173" /></span></b></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;">
<b><span style="color: red;">Official Bandi Chhor Divas celebrations in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></span></b></div>
</td><td style="vertical-align: top; width: 175px;"><div style="height: 115px; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 175px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="Fireworks Diwali Chennai India November 2013 b.jpg" data-file-height="3578" data-file-width="5367" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg/173px-Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg/260px-Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg/345px-Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="173" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Diwali night fireworks over a city</span></b></div>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="vertical-align: top; width: 175px;"><div style="height: 115px; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 175px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganga_At_Nibi_Gaharwar.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="Ganga At Nibi Gaharwar.jpg" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1800" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ganga_At_Nibi_Gaharwar.jpg/173px-Ganga_At_Nibi_Gaharwar.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ganga_At_Nibi_Gaharwar.jpg/260px-Ganga_At_Nibi_Gaharwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ganga_At_Nibi_Gaharwar.jpg/345px-Ganga_At_Nibi_Gaharwar.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="173" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Rural celebrations - floating <i>Diya</i>over river Ganges</span></b></div>
</td><td style="vertical-align: top; width: 175px;"><div style="height: 115px; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 175px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sweets_Mithai_for_Diwali_and_other_Festivals_of_India.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="Sweets Mithai for Diwali and other Festivals of India.jpg" data-file-height="960" data-file-width="1280" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sweets_Mithai_for_Diwali_and_other_Festivals_of_India.jpg/153px-Sweets_Mithai_for_Diwali_and_other_Festivals_of_India.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sweets_Mithai_for_Diwali_and_other_Festivals_of_India.jpg/231px-Sweets_Mithai_for_Diwali_and_other_Festivals_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sweets_Mithai_for_Diwali_and_other_Festivals_of_India.jpg/307px-Sweets_Mithai_for_Diwali_and_other_Festivals_of_India.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="153" /></span></b></a></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 1px; vertical-align: middle;">
<b><span style="color: red;">Diwali <i>Mithai</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_sweets" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="South Asian sweets">Sweets</a>)</span></b></div>
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<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="color: red;">Diwali festivities include a celebration of sights, sounds, arts and flavors. The festivities vary between different regions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fs_16-0" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-fs-16" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-0" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dhcd_18-0" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-dhcd-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: red;">[</span><span style="color: white;">18]</span></a></sup></b></td></tr>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is derived from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> fusion word <i>Dīpāvali</i>, formed from <i>dīpa</i> (<span lang="san" xml:lang="san">दीप</span>, "light" or "lamp"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-19" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Monier_20-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Monier-20" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup>) and <i>āvalī</i> (<span lang="san" xml:lang="san">आवली</span>, "series, line, row"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-21" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup>). <i>Dīpāvali</i> or <i>Deepavali</i> thus meant a "row" or "series of lights".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jgl_22-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-jgl-22" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> Its celebration include millions of lights shining on housetops, outside doors and windows, around temples and other buildings in the communities and countries where it is observed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fs_16-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-fs-16" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><small>English</small> <small>pronunciation:</small> <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Arial Unicode MS';" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA nopopups" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Arial Unicode MS';"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Arial Unicode MS';"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Arial Unicode MS';"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Arial Unicode MS';"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Arial Unicode MS';"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Arial Unicode MS';"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Arial Unicode MS';"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="/iː/ long 'e' in 'seed'">iː</span></a></span><span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Arial Unicode MS';" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OED-Diwali_3-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-OED-Diwali-3" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> is variously spelled or pronounced in diverse languages of India: 'deepabali' (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a>:<span lang="or" xml:lang="or">ଦିପାବଲି</span>), 'deepaboli' (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn" xml:lang="bn">দীপাবলী</span>), 'deepavali'(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>:<span lang="as" xml:lang="as">দীপাৱলী</span>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: <span lang="kn" xml:lang="kn">ದೀಪಾವಳಿ</span>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml" xml:lang="ml">ദീപാവളി</span>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>:<span lang="ta" xml:lang="ta">தீபாவளி</span> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te" xml:lang="te">దీపావళి</span>), 'divali' (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <span lang="gu" xml:lang="gu">દિવાળી</span>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>:<span lang="hi" xml:lang="hi">दिवाली</span>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <span lang="mr" xml:lang="mr">दिवाळी</span>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>: <span lang="Knn" xml:lang="Knn">दिवाळी</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa" xml:lang="pa">ਦੀਵਾਲੀ</span>), 'diyari' (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: <span lang="sd" xml:lang="sd">दियारी</span>), and 'tihar' (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne" xml:lang="ne">तिहार</span>).</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=2" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali dates back to ancient times in India, as a festival after the summer harvest in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_calendar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> month of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthikai" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Karthikai">Karthikai</a>. The festival is mentioned in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Purana" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_Purana" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>, and other Sanskrit Hindu scriptures; the <i>divas</i> (lamps) are mentioned in Skanda Purana to symbolically represent parts of sun, the cosmic giver of light and energy to all life, who seasonally transitions in the Hindu calendar month of Kartik.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-23" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">King Harsha in the 7th century Sanskrit play <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagananda" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Nagananda">Nagananda</a>mentions Diwali as <i>Deepapratipadutsava</i>, where lamps were lighted and newly engaged brides and grooms were given gifts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bnsharma_24-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-bnsharma-24" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-yaksha_25-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-yaksha-25" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasekhara" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Rajasekhara">Rajasekhara</a> referred to Diwali as <i>Dipamalika</i> in his 9th century <i>Kavyamimamsa</i>, wherein he mentions the tradition of homes being whitewashed and oil lamps decorating homes, streets and markets in the night.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bnsharma_24-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-bnsharma-24" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> The Persian traveller and historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ray%E1%B8%A5%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī">Al Biruni</a>, in his 11th century memoir on India, wrote Diwali being celebrated by Hindus on New Moon day of the month of Kartika.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-26" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Significance">Significance</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=3" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Significance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is one of the happiest of holidays in India, with significant preparations. People clean their homes and decorate them for the festivities. Diwali is one of the biggest shopping seasons in India; people buy new clothes for themselves and their families, gifts, appliances, kitchen utensils, small to big ticket items such as cars and gold jewelry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-27" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> People also buy gifts for family members and friends which typically includes sweets, dry fruits and seasonal specialities depending on regional harvest and customs. It is also the period when little kids hear ancient stories, legends, myths and battle between good and evil, light and darkness from their parents and elders. Girls and women go shopping, and create rangoli and other creative patterns on floors, near doors and walkways. Youth and grown ups graduate to helping with lighting and preparing for<i>patakhe</i> (fireworks).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dhcd_18-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-dhcd-18" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Suzanne_Barchers_2013_28-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Suzanne_Barchers_2013-28" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">There is significant variation in regional practices and rituals. Depending on the region, prayers are offered before one or more deities, with most common being Lakshmi - the goddess of wealth and prosperity. On Diwali night, fireworks light up the neighborhood skies. Later, family members and invited friends celebrate the night over food and sweets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dhcd_18-2" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-dhcd-18" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Suzanne_Barchers_2013_28-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Suzanne_Barchers_2013-28" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Spiritual_significance">Spiritual significance</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=4" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Spiritual significance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is celebrated by Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs to mark historical events, stories or myths, but they all spiritually mark the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil, hope over despair.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-htoday_5-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-htoday-5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobi1884_29-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Jacobi1884-29" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-30" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></i> schools of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, a central belief is that there is something beyond the physical body and mind which is pure, infinite, and eternal, called the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></i>. The celebration of Diwali as the "victory of good over evil", refers to the light of higher knowledge dispelling all ignorance, the ignorance that masks one's true nature, not as the body, but as the unchanging, infinite, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanence" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Immanence">immanent</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> reality. With this awakening comes compassion and the awareness of the oneness of all things, and knowledge overcomes ignorance. Diwali is the celebration of this Inner Light over spiritual darkness,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-31" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-32" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> knowledge over ignorance, right over wrong, good over evil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-33" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-34" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_significance_in_Hinduism">Religious significance in Hinduism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Religious significance in Hinduism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">The religious significance of Diwali varies regionally within India, depending on the school of Hindu philosophy, regional myths, legends, and beliefs.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Many see Diwali honouring the return of the lord Rama, his wife Sita and his brother Lakshmana from exile, as told in the ancient Hindu epic called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. To some, Diwali marks the return of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavas" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a> after 12 years of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanvas" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vanvas">Vanvas</a> and one year of agyatavas in the other ancient Hindu epic called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. Many other Hindus believe Diwali is linked to the celebration of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and wife of deity <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. The five day festival of Diwali begins on the day Lakshmi was born from the churning of cosmic ocean of milk during the tug of war between the forces of good and forces of evil; the night of Diwali is the day Lakshmi chose Vishnu as her husband and then married him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-2" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275_35-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275-35" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> Some Hindus offer <i>pujas</i> to additional or alternate deities such as Kali, Ganesha, Saraswati, and Kubera. Other Hindus believe that Diwali is the day Vishnu came back to Lakshmi and their abode in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikuntha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>; so those who worship Lakshmi receive the benefit of her good mood, and therefore are blessed with mental, physical and material well-being during the year ahead.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-36" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In India's eastern region, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, Lakshmi is not worshipped, only deity Kali is worshipped and the festival is called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Puja" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-37" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-38" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup> In India's Braj and north central regions, deity Krishna is recognized. People mark Mount Govardhan, and celebrate legends about Krishna. In other regions, the feast of Annakoot is celebrated, with 56 or 108 different cuisines prepared, offered to Krishna, then shared and celebrated by the local community.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In West, South and certain Northern parts of India, the festival of Diwali marks the start of a new Hindu year. Along with Goddess Lakshmi, offerings are made to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> who symbolizes ethical beginnings and fearless remover of obstacles;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> who symbolizes music, literature and learning; and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kubera">Kubera</a> who symbolizes book keeping, treasury and wealth management.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-3" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_significance_in_Jainism">Religious significance in Jainism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=6" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Religious significance in Jainism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Diwali (Jainism)">Diwali (Jainism)</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali has special significance in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mahavira" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lord Mahavira">Lord Mahavira</a>, the last of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Jain">Jain</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tirthankar">Tirthankar</a> of this era, attained <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> or Moksh on this day at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavapuri" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Pavapuri">Pavapuri</a> on 15 October 527 BCE, on Chaturdashi of Kartika. According to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpasutra_(Jain)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kalpasutra (Jain)">Kalpasutra</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Acharya">Acharya</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrabahu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a>, 3rd century BC, many gods were present there, illuminating the darkness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jacobi1884_29-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Jacobi1884-29" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup> Therefore, Jains celebrate Diwali as a day of remembering Mahavira.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_significance_in_Sikhism">Religious significance in Sikhism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=7" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Religious significance in Sikhism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali, for Sikhs, marks the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a>, when Guru Har Gobind Ji freed himself and Hindu Kings, from Fort Gwalior, from the prison of Islamic ruler <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, and arrived at the Golden Temple in Amritsar. Ever since then, Sikhs celebrate<i>Bandi Choorh Divas</i>, with the annual lighting up of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a>, fireworks and other festivities.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Description_and_rituals">Description and rituals</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=8" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Description and rituals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is a five day festival in many regions of India, with Diwali night centering on the new moon - the darkest night - at the end of the Hindu lunar month of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvin" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ashvin">Ashvin</a> and the start of the month of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartika_(month)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kartika (month)">Kartika</a>. In the Common Era calendar, Diwali typically falls towards the end of October, or first half of November each year. The darkest night of autumn lit with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diya_(light)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Diya (light)">diyas</a>, candles and lanterns, makes the festival of lights particularly memorable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-39" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup> Diwali is also a festival of sounds and sights with fireworks and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoli" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Rangoli">rangoli</a> designs; the festival is a major celebration of flavors with feasts and numerous mithai (sweets, desserts),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jgl_22-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-jgl-22" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> as well as a festival of emotions where Diwali ritually brings family and friends together every year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dhcd_18-3" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-dhcd-18" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Suzanne_Barchers_2013_28-2" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Suzanne_Barchers_2013-28" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Like major festivals of the world, rituals and preparations for the Indian festival Diwali begin days or weeks in advance. The festival formally begins two days before the night of Diwali, and ends two days after. Each day has the following rituals and significance:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-4" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-40" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lights_and_Reflections_Diwali_India_November_2013.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2434" data-file-width="3886" height="138" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lights_and_Reflections_Diwali_India_November_2013.jpg/220px-Lights_and_Reflections_Diwali_India_November_2013.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lights_and_Reflections_Diwali_India_November_2013.jpg/330px-Lights_and_Reflections_Diwali_India_November_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lights_and_Reflections_Diwali_India_November_2013.jpg/440px-Lights_and_Reflections_Diwali_India_November_2013.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="220" /></a></b></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<b><span style="color: white;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lights_and_Reflections_Diwali_India_November_2013.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; -webkit-user-select: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Enlarge"></a></span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: red;">On Dhanteras, <i>diya</i> lights are left burning all night.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-5" style="color: white; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></b></div>
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<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span style="color: white;">Dhanteras</span></b></dt>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanteras" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Dhanteras starts off the five day festival. Starting days before and through Dhanteras, houses and business premises are cleaned, renovated and decorated. Women and children decorate entrances with Rangoli - creative colourful floor designs both inside and in the walkways of their homes or offices. Boys and men get busy with external lighting arrangements and completing all renovation work in progress. For some, the day celebrates the churning of cosmic ocean of milk between the forces of good and forces of evil; this day marks the birthday of Lakshmi - the Goddess of Wealth and Prosperity, and the birthday of Dhanvantari - the Goddess of Health and Healing. On the night of Dhanteras, diyas (lamps) are ritually kept burning all through the nights in honor of Lakshmi and Dhanvantari.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-6" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275_35-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275-35" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Dhanteras is also a major shopping day, particularly for gold or silver articles. Merchants, traders and retailers stock up, put articles on sale, and prepare for this day. Lakshmi Puja (sometimes spelled Laxmi puja) is performed in the evening. Some people decorate their shops, work place or items symbolizing their source of sustenance and prosperity.</span></b></div>
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<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span style="color: white;">Naraka Chaturdasi</span></b></dt>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdasi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Naraka Chaturdasi">Naraka Chaturdasi</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;"><i>Narak Chaturdasi</i> is the second day of festivities, and is also called <i>Choti Diwali</i>. Typically, house decoration and colourful floor patterns called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoli" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Rangoli">rangoli</a> are made on or before Narak Chaturdasi. Special bathing rituals such a fragrant oil bath are held in some regions, followed by minor pujas. Women decorate their hands with henna designs. Families are also busy preparing homemade sweets for main Diwali.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-htoday_5-2" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-htoday-5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-7" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span style="color: white;">Diwali</span></b></dt>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></span></b></div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diwali_decorations_flower_with_diya_in_the_middle_India_November_2012.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: white;"><img alt="" data-file-height="2056" data-file-width="3648" height="124" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Diwali_decorations_flower_with_diya_in_the_middle_India_November_2012.jpg/220px-Diwali_decorations_flower_with_diya_in_the_middle_India_November_2012.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Diwali_decorations_flower_with_diya_in_the_middle_India_November_2012.jpg/330px-Diwali_decorations_flower_with_diya_in_the_middle_India_November_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Diwali_decorations_flower_with_diya_in_the_middle_India_November_2012.jpg/440px-Diwali_decorations_flower_with_diya_in_the_middle_India_November_2012.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="220" /></span></b></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;"><i>Rangoli</i> or <i>Kolam</i> decorations for Diwali, are prepared from coloured flour (shown), or with flower petals. They are floor decorations near entrances and corridors to welcome goddess <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and guests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">The third day is the main festive day. People wear new clothes or their best outfits as the evening approaches. Then <i>diyas</i> are lit, pujas are offered to Lakshmi, and to one or more additional deities depending on the region of India; typically Ganesha, Saraswati, and Kubera.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-8" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> symbolises wealth and prosperity, and her blessings are invoked for a good year ahead.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-43" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Lakshmi is believed to roam the earth on Diwali night. On the evening of Diwali, people open their doors and windows to welcome Lakshmi, and place <i>diya</i> lights on their windowsills and balcony ledges to invite her in. On this day, the mothers who work hard all year, are recognized by the family and she is seen to embody a part of Lakshmi, the good fortune and prosperity of the household.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jgl_22-2" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-jgl-22" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> Small earthenware lamps filled with oil are lighted and placed in rows by some Hindus along the parapets of temples and houses. Some set <i>diyas</i> adrift on rivers and streams. Important relationships and friendships are also recognized during the day, by visiting relatives and friends, exchanging gifts and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_sweets" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="South Asian sweets">sweets</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-htoday_5-3" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-htoday-5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-ReferenceA-6" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-44" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">After the <i>puja</i>, people go outside and celebrate by lighting up <i>patakhe</i> (fireworks). The children enjoy <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparklers" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sparklers">sparklers</a> and variety of small fireworks, while adults enjoy playing with ground chakra, Vishnu chakra, flowerpots (anaar), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutli_bomb" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sutli bomb">sutli bomb</a>, rockets and bigger fireworks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-45" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup> The fireworks signify celebration of Diwali as well a way to chase away evil spirits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Firecracker2_46-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Firecracker2-46" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Firecracker3_47-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Firecracker3-47" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup> After fireworks, people head back to a family feast, conversations and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_sweets" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="South Asian sweets">mithai</a></i> (sweets, desserts).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-9" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali also marks the beginning of new year, in some parts of India, where the Hindu <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikrama" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vikrama">Vikrama</a> calendar is popular. Merchants and shopkeepers close out their old year, and start a new fiscal year with blessings from Lakshmi and other deities.</span></b></div>
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<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span style="color: white;">Padwa, Balipratipada</span></b></dt>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balipratipada" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">The day after Diwali, is celebrated as Padwa. This day ritually celebrates the love and mutual devotion between the wife and husband.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-10" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> The husbands give thoughtful gifts, or elaborate ones to respective spouses. In many regions, newly married daughters with their husbands are invited for special meals. Sometimes brothers go and pick up their sisters from their in-laws home for this important day. The day is also a special day for the married couple, in a manner similar to anniversaries elsewhere in the world. The day after Diwali devotees perform Goverdhan puja in honor of Lord Krishna.</span></b></div>
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<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span style="color: white;">Bhai Duj, Bhaiya Dooj</span></b></dt>
</dl>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhau-beej" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bhau-beej">Bhau-beej</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">The last day of festival is called Bhai dooj (Brother’s second). It celebrates the sister-brother loving relationship, in a spirit similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a> but with different rituals. The day ritually emphasizes the love and lifelong bond between siblings. It is a day when women and girls get together, perform a puja with prayers for the well being of their brothers, then return to a ritual of food-sharing, gift-giving and conversations. In historic times, this was a day in autumn when brothers would travel to meet their sisters, or bring over their sister’s family to their village homes to celebrate their sister-brother bond with the bounty of seasonal harvests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tp_17-11" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-tp-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional_variations_within_India">Regional variations within India</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=9" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Regional variations within India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Year_celebrations">New Year celebrations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=10" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: New Year celebrations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="New Year">New Year</a></span></b></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwaris" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Marwaris">Marwari</a> New Year is celebrated on the day of the festival of Diwali, which is the last day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Paksha">Krishna Paksha</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvin" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ashvin">Ashvin</a>month & also last day of the Ashvin month of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_calendar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>.</span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_people" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> New Year is celebrated the day after the festival of Diwali (which occurs in mid-fall – either October or November, depending on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a>). The Gujarati New Year is synonymous with <i>sud ekam</i> i.e. first day of<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukla_paksha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Shukla paksha">Shukla paksha</a> of the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartika_(month)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kartika (month)">Kartik</a></i> month -, which is taken as the first day of the first month of Gujarati lunar calendar. Most other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> celebrate the New Year in the Spring - Baisakhi. Gujarati community all over the world celebrates the New Year after Diwali to mark the beginning of a new fiscal year.</span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Era New year</a> is celebrated by the ethnic Newari in the Kathmandu valley. The new year occurs in the fourth day of Diwali. The calendar was used as an official calendar until the mid 19th century. Most Nepalese celebrate the traditional new year in April i.e. Baisakhi.</span></b></li>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Melas">Melas</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=11" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Melas">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mela">Mela</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">To add to the festivas of Diwali, fairs (or '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mela">melas</a>') are held throughout India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kadowala1998_48-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-Kadowala1998-48" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup> Melas are found in many towns and villages. A mela generally becomes a market day in the countryside when farmers buy and sell produce, and rural families shop for clothes, utensils and other products. Girls and women dress attractively during the festival. They wear colourful clothing and new jewellery, and their hands are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehndi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mehndi">decorated</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henna" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Henna">henna</a> designs.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Among the many activities that take place at a mela are performances by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugglers" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Jugglers">jugglers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatics" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Acrobatics">acrobats</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_charming" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Snake charming">snake charmers</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_tellers" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Fortune tellers">fortune tellers</a>. Food stalls are set up, selling sweet and spicy foods. There are a variety of rides at the fair, which include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_wheel" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ferris wheel">Ferris wheels</a> and rides on animals such as elephants and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Camel">camels</a>. Activities for children, such as puppet shows, occur throughout the day.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(1)_Rangoli_with_Light_%26_Shadow_Diwali_November_2013.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1800" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%281%29_Rangoli_with_Light_%26_Shadow_Diwali_November_2013.jpg/220px-%281%29_Rangoli_with_Light_%26_Shadow_Diwali_November_2013.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%281%29_Rangoli_with_Light_%26_Shadow_Diwali_November_2013.jpg/330px-%281%29_Rangoli_with_Light_%26_Shadow_Diwali_November_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%281%29_Rangoli_with_Light_%26_Shadow_Diwali_November_2013.jpg/440px-%281%29_Rangoli_with_Light_%26_Shadow_Diwali_November_2013.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="220" /></a></b></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<b><span style="color: red;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(1)_Rangoli_with_Light_%26_Shadow_Diwali_November_2013.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; -webkit-user-select: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Enlarge"></a></span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: red;">Homes, commercial and government buildings are cleaned, renovated, sometimes freshly painted and decorated days before Diwali.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-49" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup>Decorations vary. Above: Rangoli with lights decoration for Diwali.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Andhra_Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=12" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Andhra Pradesh">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In Andhra Pradesh, the festivities center over two days - Naraka Chaturthasi and Deepavali Amaavasya. The festivities start out at the crack of dawn and carry on well into the night. Most people make a trip to the local temple along with their families to seek the blessings of their respective Gods. The night sky is lit up with a scintillating array of noisy fireworks.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is one of the seven most important festivals of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. It is very popular with children who celebrate Diwali because of the excitement of bursting firecrackers. Special shops to sell firecrackers are set up in all towns, cities and bigger villages. There are some traditional customs followed such as buying new clothes for this festival. Buying new home or vehicles is considered auspicious. Special sweets are made too. Some eateries in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a> make some delicious sweets during Diwali which will not be available at any other time. Meat and alcohol are generally not consumed. Tradition has it that Andhraites gift sweets during Diwali. Some areas host local stage story telling called Hari Katha. Some areas may put a huge Narakasura dummy made with fireworks. This will be burst by a person dressed as Lord Krishna or, more accurately, a costume of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyabhama" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a>, the consort of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Krishna" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lord Krishna">Lord Krishna</a>, who actually killed the demon <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narakasura" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a>; an event that is celebrated as Diwali for generations. The evening sky of Diwali is a colourful sight to watch.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">People clean/white-wash or paint/decorate their homes as it is a very auspicious day; to welcome the goddess of wealth and prosperity i.e. Lakshmi devi to their homes. Homes are lit up with hundreds of diyas and colourful diwali rangolis adorn the doorways. After all this preparation all the members of the family perform the Lakshmi puja. Another custom involves decorating homes with paper figures.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Festivities cut across boundaries to move on from the small villages to the big towns, often beginning almost a month before Diwali. Sales of expensive silk saris, jewellery, ornaments, and household goods increase. From the poor to the rich, everyone indulges in the largest shopping spree of the year. Sweets, which are an integral part of any festival in Andhra Pradesh, are prepared or purchased from shops. The festival is full of messages depicting one or more aspects of human life, relationships, and ancient traditions.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Goa_and_Konkan">Goa and Konkan</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=13" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Goa and Konkan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Divali begins in Konkan and Goa on the day of Naraka Chaturdashi. The houses are cleaned and decorated with<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandeel" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kandeel">kandeel</a>(known as <i>Akashdivo</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>), lamps, mango leaves, and marigold flowers. The utensils are made to shine, filled with water, and decorated for the holy bath the following morning. On this day, paper-made effigies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narakasura" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a>, filled with grass and firecrackers symbolizing evil, are made. These effigies are burnt at around four o'clock in the morning the following day. Firecrackers are burst, and people return home to take a scented oil bath. Lamps are lit in a line. The women of the house perform <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarti" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Aarti">aarti</a> of the men, gifts are exchanged, a bitter berry called <i>kareet</i> is crushed under the feet in token of killing Narkasur, symbolising evil and removal of ignorance. Different varieties of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poha_(rice)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Poha (rice)">Poha</a> and sweets are made and eaten with family and friends.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GOa_50-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-GOa-50" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup> Festivities continue till <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsi_Vivah" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tulsi Vivah">Tulsi Vivah</a> and lamps are lit every evening. Celebrations include Lakshmi puja on the Diwali day, Krishna puja or Govardhan puja and cattle worship on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balipratipada" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a> day, Bhaubeej, and Tulsi vivah.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Diwali fireworks is a family event in many parts of India. People light up fireworks near their homes and in streets. Additionally, cities and communities have community fireworks. Above: <i>Phuljhari</i>, sparklers that are popular with some children on Diwali nights.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: red;">[51</span><span style="color: white;">]</span></a></sup></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Gujarat">Gujarat</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=14" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Gujarat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali_in_Gujarat" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Diwali in Gujarat">Diwali in Gujarat</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> the Diwali celebrations take on a number of distinct characteristics.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali occurs in the second (dark) lunar fortnight (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Paksha">Krishna Paksha</a></i>) of the month of Ashvin (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: "Aaso") and the first (bright) fortnight (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukla_Paksha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Shukla Paksha">Shukla Paksha</a></i>) of Kartika (Guj: "Kartik"). Aaso is the last month of the Gujarati calendar, and Kartik the first.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Celebrations start earlier in Gujarat than in the rest of India, commencing on<i>Agyaras</i>, the 11th day of the <i>Krishna Paksha</i> of Aaso. On the 12th day is <i>Vagh Baras</i>, the festival of the cow and the calf. On the 13th day is <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanteras" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a></i>, the days Diwali starts in the rest of India. The 14th (elsewhere known as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a></i>in South India and <i>Choti Diwali</i> in the North) is celebrated as <i>Kali Choudas</i>. The 15th (new moon day) is <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></i>, celebrated throughout India. The next day, the first day of <i>Shukla Paksha</i> of Kartik, is <i>Bestu Varsh</i>, New Year's Day, start of the Gujarati calendar. The 2nd day of Kartik is <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaiduj" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bhaiduj">Bhai Bij</a></i>, the day Diwali ends. A further celebration takes place on the 5th day of Kartik, <i>Labh Pancham</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-et_52-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-et-52" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Karnataka">Karnataka</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=15" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Karnataka">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Known as Deepavali (ದೀಪಾವಳಿ) in Karnataka, it is celebrated on the day before and day following <i>Amavasye</i> (New Moon Day) as <i>Naraka Chaturdashi</i> (before new-moon day) resembling <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyabhama" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a>'s victory over Narakasura and as <i>Bali Padyami</i>, the first day of <i>Kartika</i> masa. The entire house is cleaned and new clothes are purchased for the entire family which is followed by lighting of oil lamps around the house and bursting firecrackers. The tradition in Kannada families is that all members gather together for the three days celebration. The thirteenth day of the Krishna Paksha is celebrated as <i>"neeru tumbo habba"</i> when the house is cleaned, painted afresh and the vessels are washed, bedecked and filled with fresh water for the festival. The next day is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a>, considered very auspicious. In parts of North <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, the women of the house perform <i>Aarti</i> on the men. The next day is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> mahaapooje on <i>Amavaasye</i> (new-moon day). On the fourth day, the house, especially the entrance, is decorated with flowers and floor decorations to invite <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bali">Bali</a> into their homes. A special entrance to the home is built, made out of cow-dung (gOmaya) and Sandalwood (siri-chandana). Both materials are revered in Kannada tradition as having divine significance. The day is of special importance to agricultural families as they celebrate<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govardhan" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Govardhan">Govardhan</a> Pooja on this day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The houses are adorned with Keraka (replica of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govardhana" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Govardhana">Govardhana</a> giri using cow dung) bejewelled with flowers and maize, ragi stalks. Fire-camps are kindled on both <i>Naraka Chaturdashi</i> and <i>Bali Padyami</i>days of Deepavali. The celebration of Deepavali is marked by the lighting of lamps in every courtyard and the bursting of firecrackers. Kajjaya is a special Deepavali delicacy in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> region. <i>Holiges</i> and <i>Chakkulis</i> are prepared in all households.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Kerala">Kerala</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=16" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Kerala">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali or popularly known locally as Deepavali, falls on the preceding day of the New Moon in the Malayalam month <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Thulam">Thulam</a>(October–November). The celebrations are based on the legend of <i>Narakasura Vadha</i> – where Sri Krishna destroyed the demon and the day Narakasura died is celebrated as Deepavali.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NarayananKurup1976_53-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-NarayananKurup1976-53" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup> It commemorates the triumph of good over evil. The story of King Bali is also associated with Diwali by Hindus in Kerala.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-54" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup> Unlike other parts of India, and other South Indian states, Deepavali is a low profile festival in Kerala and celebrated mostly by Hindus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Maharashtra">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, Diwali starts from <i>Vasubaras</i> which is the 12th day of the 2nd half of the Marathi month <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvin" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ashvin">Ashvin</a></i>. This day is celebrated by performing an <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarti" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Aarti">Aarti</a></i> of the cow and its calf – which is a symbol of love between mother and her baby.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">The next day is <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhana_Trayodashi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhana Trayodashi">Dhana Trayodashi</a></i>. Traders and business people give special importance to this festival. It is also considered an auspicious day for making important purchases, especially metals, including kitchenware and precious metals like silver and gold.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festive_lights_on_the_eve_of_Diwali_India.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3280" data-file-width="4948" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Festive_lights_on_the_eve_of_Diwali_India.jpg/220px-Festive_lights_on_the_eve_of_Diwali_India.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Festive_lights_on_the_eve_of_Diwali_India.jpg/330px-Festive_lights_on_the_eve_of_Diwali_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Festive_lights_on_the_eve_of_Diwali_India.jpg/440px-Festive_lights_on_the_eve_of_Diwali_India.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="220" /></a></b></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<b><span style="color: white;">Homes, such as above, and buildings </span><span style="color: red;">are decorated with festive lights for Diwali.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">This is followed by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a></i>. On this day people get up early in the morning and take their bath before sunrise while stars are still visible. Bathing is an elaborate process on this day with abundant use of ‘utnas’, oils and perfumes, and is preceded by an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarti" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Aarti">Aarti</a>.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">The day after <i>Naraka Chaturdashi</i> comes <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi-pooja" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lakshmi-pooja">Lakshmi-pooja</a></i>. It occurs on <i>Amavasya</i> i.e. no moon day. The dark night is illuminated by lamps and at dusk firecrackers are burst. New account books are opened after a <i>pooja</i>. Generally the traders do not make any payments on that day to preserve <i>Lakshmi</i> in home. In every household, cash, jewellery and an idol of the goddess Lakshmi is worshipped. Friends, neighbours and relatives are invited over and celebrations are in full swing.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_Pratipada" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bali Pratipada">Bali Pratipada</a></i> is the 1st day of <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartika_(month)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kartika (month)">Kartik</a></i> in the Hindu calendar. It marks the start of Hindu financial year. It is a special day for Husband and wife. The wife puts tilak on her husbands forehead and he gives her an expensive gift. In recent times there is a growing trend of organising a cultural event called 'Diwali Padwa' early in the morning.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhau-beej" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bhau-beej">Bhau-beej</a></i> – it is the time when the bond of love between a brother and sister is further strengthened. The sister asks God for her brother(s)' long and successful life while she receives presents from her beloved brothers. On these days People makes 'Faral' like <i>Chakali, Laddu, Karanji, Chiwada</i> and other festive foods.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Odisha">Odisha</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=18" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Odisha">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is celebrated with great joy. Rows of oil lamps, candles adorn the thresholds of all houses. Firecrackers are burst,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_sweets" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="South Asian sweets">sweetmeals</a> are relished and distributed. Some people also worship family goddess. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpanam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tarpanam">Tarpanam</a> is done in the morning of diwali. All the members of the household gather together just after dusk. After the puja and offerings, the family celebrates Diwali festival by bursting firecrackers. As in other regions, most people prefer to celebrate it in their own homes, though family gatherings are also common. For Diwali houses are brightly lit, with the doors and windows kept open as Lakshmi is supposed to visit every home, and you can't afford to leave it dark and abandoned. Various kinds of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Pitha">Pithas</a> are prepared and given to the deities and forefathers, and enjoyed with family and friends. On Diwali night, many parts of Orissa celebrate<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Puja" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a>, particularly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Puri">Puri</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrak" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bhadrak">Bhadrak</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rourkela" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttack" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a> & <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajpur" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Jajpur">Jajpur</a> area.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Tamil_Nadu">Tamil Nadu</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=19" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Tamil Nadu">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: white;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2056" data-file-width="3648" height="124" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D.jpg/220px-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D.jpg/330px-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D.jpg/440px-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="220" /></a></b></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<b><span style="color: white;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; -webkit-user-select: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Enlarge"></a></span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: white;">A homemade feast and clothes as gifts on Diwali night.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Known as Deepavali(தீபாவளி) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (தீப + ஆவளி = தீபாவளி meaning series of lights<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-56" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup>), it commemorates the death of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narakasura" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a> at the hands of Lord Sri <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. It is believed that Narakasura, a malevolent demon, tortured common people and they prayed to lord Krishna to defeat him. The people then celebrated Narakasura's defeat with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkler" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sparkler">sparklers</a>, lights and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firecracker" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Firecracker">firecrackers</a>. This celebration has continued down the generations as Deepavali. In Tamil Nadu, Diwali falls on the 14th day preceding the amavasya (new moon) in the solar month of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aippasi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Aippasi">Aippasi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>The day begins with an early morning oil bath, wearing new clothes, bursting of firecrackers, visiting Lord <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, Lord <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> temples. The exchange of sweets between neighbours, visiting relations, and preparing Deepavali special sweets are traditions of the day.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Typical Deepavali celebrations begin with waking up early in the morning, before sun rise, followed by an oil-bath. The bathing tradition involves extensive massaging of warm til-oil containing pepper corns and betel leaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> New clothes are typically worn as a part of celebrations. After the bath, a home-made medicine known as "Deepavali Lehiyam" is consumed, which is supposed to aid in soothing digestive problems that may ensue due to feasting that occurs later in the day. Sparklers, firecrackers and lights are used extensively, much like the rest of the world where Deepavali is celebrated. Though the rest of the country celebrates Diwali traditionally on an amavasya day, Tamil Nadu will celebrate it on the preceding day, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a>. In Tamil Nadu, Diwali is calculated when chaturdashi prevails during sunrise, precisely at 4am-6am. If chaturdashi prevails after 6am it is not considered. For example, if chaturdashi tithi begins at 2:30 pm the preceding day and ends at 1pm next day, the next day will be celebrated as Diwali. Contrary to the rest of the nation, diyas are not lit on the night of diwali. Lamps are lit on the night of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthikai_Deepam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Karthikai Deepam">Karthikai Deepam</a>, in the Tamil solar month of<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthikai" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Karthikai">Karthikai</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Uttar_Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=20" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Uttar Pradesh">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is the most important festival in this predominantly Hindu state and is celebrated with great vigor and gaiety. Diwali is celebrated in memory of Lord <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Rama">Rama</a>'s victory over the demon king <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravan" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ravan">Ravana</a> and his subsequent homecoming to Ayodhya after 14 years in exile. People wear colorful clothes throughout the Diwali festival, and enthusiasm is visible over the entire festival. The ghats of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> come alive with thousands of brightly lit earthen lamps. Visitors throng in large numbers to watch this. Fairs and art festivals are held in the state, a venue for fun and shopping. Other celebrations, such as puja, fireworks, sweets and gifts exchange are similar to the rest of India.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Braj_region">Braj region</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=21" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Braj region">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In this region, Diwali marks<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-57" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup> the killing of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narakasura" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a>: Celebrated as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a>, one day before Diwali, it commemorates the killing of the evil demon Narakasura, who wreaked havoc. In different versions, either <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> or<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>'s wife <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyabhama" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a> killed Narakasura during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwapara_yuga" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dwapara yuga">Dwapara yuga</a>. The festival is celebrated over six days. It starts with<i>Govatsa Dwadashi</i>. <i>Go</i> means cow and <i>vatsa</i> means calf. <i>Dwadashi</i> means the 12th day. The story associated with this day is that of King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Prithu">Prithu</a>, son of the tyrant King Vena. Due to the ill rule of Vena, there was a terrible famine and earth stopped being fruitful. Prithu chased the earth, who is usually represented as cow, and ‘milked’ her, meaning that he brought prosperity to the land. On second day, people shop for utensils, clothes, gold and other items. The third day is called<i>Chaturdashi</i>, the day on which the demon Narakasura was killed by Krishna – an incarnation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. It signifies the victory of good over evil and light over darkness. The day is celebrated with puja, fireworks, and feast. The fourth day, is Diwali night, celebrated like rest of India. The fifth day is Govardhan Puja, celebrated as the day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> defeated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Indra">Indra</a> by the lifting of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govardhana_hill" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Govardhana hill">Govardhana hill</a> to save his kinsmen and cattle from rain and floods. Symbolic mountains of food are prepared representing the Govardhan hill lifted by Krishna, then shared in the community. The last day is <i>Yama Dwitiya</i> where brothers and sisters meet to mark their bond, love and affection for each other. If sister is married and lives in a distant area, the brothers typically visit their sisters’ place on this day and usually have a meal there. The brothers also bring and give gifts to their sisters.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="West_Bengal.2C_Northeast_Bihar.2C_.26_Assam">West Bengal, Northeast Bihar, & Assam</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=22" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: West Bengal, Northeast Bihar, & Assam">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_puja" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kali puja">Kali puja</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Puja" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a> is light-up night for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithila_(India)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mithila (India)">Mithila</a> region of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> & <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Assam">Assam</a>. Kali Puja coincides with the festival of Diwali (pronounced <i>Dipaboli</i> in Bengali), (in Maithili, it is known as Diya-Baati) where people light diyas/candles in memory of the souls of departed ancestors. The goddess <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kali">Kali</a> is worshipped, not Lakshmi, for whole night on one night during this festival. The festival is popularly called Kali puja, not Diwali. Kali puja is also known by the names of <i>Shyama puja</i> or <i>Nisha puja</i> in parts of the Mithila region and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="In_other_parts_of_the_world">In other parts of the world</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=23" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: In other parts of the world">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is celebrated around the world, particularly in countries with significant populations of Hindu, Jain and Sikh origin. These include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="United States">United States</a>. With more understanding of Indian culture and global migration of people of Indian origin, the number of countries where Diwali/Deepavali is celebrated has been gradually increasing. While in some countries it is celebrated mainly by Indian expatriates, in others it is becoming part of the general local culture. In most of these countries Diwali is celebrated on the same lines as described in this article with some minor variations. Some important variations are worth mentioning.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Asia">Asia</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=24" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Malaysia">Malaysia</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=25" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Deepavali is a federal public holiday throughout Malaysia. In many respects it resembles the traditions followed in the Indian subcontinent. 'Open houses' are held where Hindu Malaysians (of all ethnic groups like Tamils, Telugus and Malayalees) welcome fellow Malaysians of different races and religions to their house for a scrumptious meal. Diwali in Malaysia has become an occasion for goodwill and friendly ties between religious and ethnic groups in Malaysia.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Nepal">Nepal</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=26" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Nepal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar (festival)</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali is known as "Tihar" or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Swanti (festival)">"Swanti"</a>. It is celebrated during the October/November period. Here the festival is celebrated for five days and the traditions vary from those followed in India. On the first day (Kaag tihar), crows are given offerings, considering them to be divine messengers. On the second day (Kukur tihar), dogs are given food for their honesty. On the third day, Laxmi puja is performed. This is the last day according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a>, so many of the businessmen clear their accounts on this day and on finishing it, worship goddess Laxmi, the goddess of wealth. The fourth day is celebrated as new year. Cultural processions and other celebrations are observed in this day. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Newar">Newars</a> celebrate it as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mha_Puja" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a>", a special ritual in which the body is worshipped to keep it fit and healthy for the year ahead on this day. On the fifth and final day called "Bhai Tika", brothers and sisters meet and exchange gifts.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In Nepal, family gathering is more significant during Diwali. People in the community play "Deusi and Bhailo" which is a kind of singing and dancing forming a group. People go to all the houses in the community and play songs and dance, and give blessings to the visited house, whereas the home owner gives gifts like rice, Roti, fruits and money. After the festival, people donate some part of the collected money and food to the charity or welfare groups and with the rest of the money and food, they go for a picnic. People also play swing called Dore Ping made out of thick ropes and Pirke Ping or Rangate Ping made out of wood.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Among Gorkhas, after Lakshmi Puja, young girls assemble in a groups four to ten members in a group on Diwali. And they sing/dance and play Dausi in each and every village one by one.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The head of the family, of each house they visit, gives them dakshani as a token of gift. They play till Bhaitika (Bhaiduj). Diwali is rejoicingly celebrated during these days.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Singapore">Singapore</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=27" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<span style="color: white;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_Divali_Diwali_decorations_Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_2009.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2136" data-file-width="2848" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Singapore_Divali_Diwali_decorations_Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_2009.jpg/220px-Singapore_Divali_Diwali_decorations_Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_2009.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Singapore_Divali_Diwali_decorations_Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_2009.jpg/330px-Singapore_Divali_Diwali_decorations_Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Singapore_Divali_Diwali_decorations_Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_2009.jpg/440px-Singapore_Divali_Diwali_decorations_Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_2009.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="220" /></a></b></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali decorations in Little India is an annual celebration for Hindus in Singapore.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-58" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Deepavali is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays_in_Singapore" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Holidays in Singapore">gazetted public holiday</a>. Observed primarily by the minority Indian community (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamils" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>), it is typically marked by a light-up in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India</a> district, the heart of the Indian community. Apart from the light-up, other activities such as bazaars, exhibitions, parades and concerts will also take place in Little India. The Hindu Endowment Board of Singapore along with Singapore's government organizes many of these cultural events during this festive period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-59" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=28" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<b><span style="color: white;">This festival, a public holiday in the island nation, is also called "Deepavali" and is celebrated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> community. On this day, it is traditional for people to take an oil bath in the morning, wear new clothes, exchange gifts, performing Poosai (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABj%C4%81" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Pūjā">Pūjā</a>), and a visit to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koil" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Koil">Koil</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a>) is normal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-60" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[note 1]</a></sup> Burning of firecrackers in the evening of the festival is a common practice of this festival. Hindus light oil lamps to invite the blessings of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the goddess of wealth and to banish any evil from the household for once and for all. The festival is marked by illumination, making of toys of enamel and making of figures out of crystal sugar popularly known as Misiri. Sri Lanka's celebration include many of the traditional aspects of Deepavali such as games, fireworks, singing and dancing, however the tradition of a large meal, family reunions and fireworks are admirably preserved.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Beyond_Asia">Beyond Asia</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=29" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Beyond Asia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=30" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali fireworks in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-61" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Australia">Australia</a>, Diwali is celebrated publicly among the people of Indian origin and the local Australians in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. Diwali At Federation Square has been embraced warmly by the mainstream Victorian population . ‘Celebrate India Inc.’ had started with Diwali Celebrations in the heart of city at the iconic Federation Square in 2006. The event has now become a part of the Melbourne Arts calendar and is celebrated over a week in the city.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Over 56,000 people had visited the Federation square on the last day of the festival last year and had enjoyed the entertaining live music and traditional dances of India, art and crafts as well as the variety of Indian cuisines with the festival culminating in a spectacular fireworks display on the Yarra River.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Many iconic buildings including the Victorian Parliament, Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, Melbourne Airport and the Indian Consulate are decorated over this week. Along with this, many outdoor dance performances and super banners immerse the city in Diwali mood in the City and Melbourne Airport. The Diwali event regularly attracts national organizations like AFL, Cricket Australia, White Ribbon, Melbourne Airport and artists from other communities and India . Their participation and contribution by a team of volunteers makes it a mega event and a show case for Indian community.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">From the sheer numbers alone attending over one week period of the festival, Diwali at Federation Square has now been recognized as the biggest celebration in Australia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Caribbean">Caribbean</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=31" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Caribbean">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In Trinidad and Tobago, communities all over the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Caribbean">islands</a> get together and celebrate the festival. One major celebration that stands out is the Diwali Nagar or Village of the Festival of Lights located in Chaguanas, Trinidad. It features stage performances by the east Indian cultural practitioners, a folk theatre featuring skits and plays, an exhibition on some aspect of Hinduism, displays by Hindu religious sects and social organisations, nightly worship of Lakshmi, lighting of deeyas, performances by schools related to Indian culture, and a food court with Indian and non-Indian vegetarian delicacies. Thousands of people participate in the island wide festivities. Sports grounds, schools and other public locations such as parks, host Diwali Celebrations. Diwali celebrations begin with Lakshmi Pooja and continue with lighting deyas and singing, dancing and sharing meals. The festival culminates with fireworks displays ushering in Diwali.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-62" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Fiji">Fiji</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=32" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Fiji">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In Fiji, Diwali is a Public Holiday and is a religious event celebrated together by Hindus (who constitute close to a third of Fiji's population), and culturally amongst members of Fiji's races and is a time in the year that is greatly looked forward to. Originally celebrated by imported indentured labourers from the Indian subcontinent during British rule in the then Colony of Fiji during the 19th century, it was set as a holiday at independence in 1970 as the government wished to set aside one religious public holiday each for Fiji's three largest religions, i.e., Christianity, Hinduism and Islam.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali in Fiji is often remarked by people from India as being observed on a larger scale then Diwali celebrations in India, as fireworks and Diwali related events begin at least a week before the actual day. Another unique feature is the cultural celebration of Diwali (aside from its traditionally religious celebration) where Fijians of Indian origin or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Fijians" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Indo-Fijians">Indo-Fijians</a>, whether Hindu, Christian, Sikh or even Muslim along with the other cultural groups in Fiji celebrate Diwali as a time for sharing with friends and family as well as signalling the beginning of the Holiday season in Fiji. On the commercial side, Diwali is a time for many retail sales and giveaways. Diwali celebrations in Fiji have taken on a flair of its own, markedly different from celebrations on the Subcontinent.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali marks a time for cleaning and buying new and special clothes for the celebrations amongst cultural groups along with dressing up in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sari">Saris</a> and other Indian clothing, to work the day before. Homes are cleaned and Oil lamps or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diya_(light)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Diya (light)">diyas</a> are lit. Decorations are made around the home with an array of coloured lights, candles and paper lanterns, as well as the use of religious symbols formed out of coloured rice and chalk. Invitations are made to family, friends and neighbours and houses are opened. Gifts are made and prayers or pooja are made by Hindus. Sweets and vegetable dishes are often eaten during this time and fireworks are fired for days before and after Diwali.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=33" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, Diwali is celebrated publicly among many of the South Asian diaspora cultural groups. A large group that celebrates Diwali in New Zealand are members of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Fijian" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Indo-Fijian">Indo-Fijian</a> communities who have migrated and settled there. There are main public festivals in Auckland and Wellington, with other events around the country becoming more popular and visible. An official reception has been held at the New Zealand Parliament since 2003.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-63" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup> Diwali is celebrated by Hindus. The festival signifies the triumph of light over darkness, justice over injustice, good over evil and intelligence over ignorance. Lakshmi Mata is worshiped. Lakshmi Mata is the goddess of light, wealth and beauty. Special Divali foods are barfi and Prasad.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=34" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<span style="color: white;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Leicester_Belgrave_Rd_Diwali_Lights_2006.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1704" data-file-width="2272" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/United_Kingdom_Leicester_Belgrave_Rd_Diwali_Lights_2006.jpg/220px-United_Kingdom_Leicester_Belgrave_Rd_Diwali_Lights_2006.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/United_Kingdom_Leicester_Belgrave_Rd_Diwali_Lights_2006.jpg/330px-United_Kingdom_Leicester_Belgrave_Rd_Diwali_Lights_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/United_Kingdom_Leicester_Belgrave_Rd_Diwali_Lights_2006.jpg/440px-United_Kingdom_Leicester_Belgrave_Rd_Diwali_Lights_2006.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="220" /></a></b></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<b><span style="color: white;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Leicester_Belgrave_Rd_Diwali_Lights_2006.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; -webkit-user-select: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Enlarge"></a></span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali decorations in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, United Kingdom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-64" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">In Britain, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> celebrate Diwali with great enthusiasm. People clean and decorate their homes with lamps and candles. A popular type of candle is a <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diya_(light)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Diya (light)">diya</a></i>. People also give each other sweets such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddoo" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Laddoo">laddoo</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barfi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Barfi">barfi</a>, and the different communities may gather for a religious ceremony and get-together. It is also an important time to contact family in India and perhaps exchange gifts.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">The festival of Diwali has begun to find acceptance into the broader British national consciousness as more non-Hindus appreciate and celebrate Hinduism on this occasion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-65" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-66" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[65]</a></sup> Over the past decade national and civic leaders such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a> have attended Diwali celebrations at some of UK’s prominent Hindu temples, such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neasden_Temple" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Neasden Temple">Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden</a>, using the occasion to commend the Hindu community’s contributions to British life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-67" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[66]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-68" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[67]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-69" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[68]</a></sup> In 2013, Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> and his wife joined thousands of worshipers at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neasden_Temple" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Neasden Temple">BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir in Neasden</a> to celebrate Diwali and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annakut" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Annakut">Annakut</a> festival marking the Hindu New Year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-70" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[69]</a></sup> Since 2009, Diwali has been celebrated every year at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>, the residence of the British Prime Minister.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-71" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[70]</a></sup> The yearly celebration, begun by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> and continued by<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> is one of the most anticipated events hosted by the British Prime Minister.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-72" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[71]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> plays hosts to some of the biggest Diwali celebrations outside of India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-73" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[72]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=35" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<span style="color: white;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2848" data-file-width="4272" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg/220px-United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg/330px-United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg/440px-United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background: rgb(17, 17, 17); border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="220" /></a></b></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<b><span style="color: white;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; -webkit-user-select: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Enlarge"></a></span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: white;">Several cities in the United States organize Diwali events and celebrations. Above: An event at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-74" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[73]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">It was first celebrated in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="White House">White House</a> in 2003 and was given official status by the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 2007 by the former president <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-75" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[74]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-76" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[75]</a></sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> became the first president to personally attend Diwali at the White House in 2009. On the eve of his first visit to India as the president of United States, Obama released an official statement sharing best wishes with "those celebrating Diwali."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-77" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[76]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">The Diwali Mela in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboys_Stadium" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Cowboys Stadium">Cowboys Stadium</a> boasted an attendance of 100,000 people in 2009. In 2009, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> became the first U.S. city to sponsor an official Diwali celebration including a fireworks display, in 2012, over 15,000 people attended.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-78" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup>In 2011, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pierre" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="The Pierre">The Pierre</a> in New York City, now operated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Group" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tata Group">Tata Group</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Hotels_Resorts_and_Palaces" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces">Taj Hotels</a>, hosted its first Diwali celebration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-79" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[78]</a></sup> There are about 3 Million Hindus in United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-80" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[79]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Festival_of_peace">Festival of peace</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=36" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Festival of peace">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">On this festive occasion, Hindu, Jain and Sikh communities also mark charitable causes, kindness, and for peace. For example, at the international border, every year on Diwali, Indian forces approach Pakistani forces and offer traditional Indian sweets on the occasion of Diwali. The Pakistani soldiers anticipating the gesture, return the goodwill with an assortment of Pakistani sweets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-81" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[80]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Economics_of_Diwali">Economics of Diwali</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=37" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Economics of Diwali">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Diwali marks a major shopping period in India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wsj_10-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-wsj-10" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> In terms of consumer purchases and economic activity, Diwali is the equivalent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> in the west. It is traditionally a time when households purchase new clothing, home refurbishments, gifts, gold and other large purchases. The festival celebrates Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and investment, spending and purchases are considered auspicious.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-82" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[81]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-83" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[82]</a></sup> Diwali is a peak buying season for gold and jewelry in India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-84" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[83]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-85" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[84]</a></sup> It is also a major sweets, candy and fireworks buying season. At retail level, about US$ 800 million (INR 5,000 crores) worth of firecrackers are consumed in India over the Diwali season.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-86" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[85]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Issues">Issues</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=38" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: white;">There has been growing concern and questions on the environmental and health impact of Diwali, as with other major festivals of the world. Air pollution and burn injuries from fireworks are two most studied issues.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=39" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Air pollution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Scholars<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-87" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[86]</a></sup> report that air pollution worsens not as much during fireworks, but after fireworks celebration is over, with peak PM2.5 about four times worse than pre-Diwali levels, and average levels about two times a normal day. This study indicated that there is high accumulation of PM2.5 generated due to fireworks on Diwali festival which remains suspended in the air. The peak pollution lasts for about one day, and the pollutant concentrations return to background levels after 24 hours. Attri et al.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-88" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[87]</a></sup> report ground level ozone pollution is also formed Diwali, as with fireworks celebrations around the world on new year eve or respective national Independence Day. The dispersal and decay times for increased ground level ozone is also about one day.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Burn_injuries">Burn injuries</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=40" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Burn injuries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: white;">There is an increase in burn injuries in India during Diwali from fireworks. A firework called <i>anar</i> (fountain) has been found to cause 65% of the injuries. Adults, not children, are typical victims. Newspapers advise use of cold water splash immediately after burn, which along with proper nursing of the wound helps reduce complications. Vast majority of burns are Group I type burns (minor) requiring outpatient care.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-89" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[88]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-90" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[89]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Diwali_greetings_and_prayers">Diwali greetings and prayers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&action=edit&section=41" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Diwali greetings and prayers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: white;">This is how people wish each other Happy Diwali in different Languages:</span></b></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;">"Shubha Deepawali" शुभ दीपावली: Greeting in Nepali, Hindi and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.</span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;">"Shubh Diwali" / <i>Diwali ki Shubhkamnayein</i> (दीवाली की शुभकामनाएं): Greeting in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><i>Diwali Mubarak</i> (દીવાળી મુબારક): Greeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><i>Shubh Diwali / Diwalichya hardik Shubhechha</i> (शुभ दीवाली / दीवाळीच्या हार्दिक शुभेच्छा ): Greeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><i>Deepavali Nalvazhthukkal</i> (தீபாவளி நல்வாழ்த்துக்கள்) :Greeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><i>Deepavali Shubhakankshalu</i> (దీపావళి శుభాకా౦క్షలు) :Greeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><i>Deepavali Aashamsagal</i> ( ദീപാവളി ആശംസകൾ): Greeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>.</span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><i>Deepavali Habbada Shubhashayagalu</i> (ದೀಪಾವಳಿ ಹಬ್ಬದ ಶುಭಾಶಯಗಳು): Greeting in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><i>Tuhanu diwali diyan boht boht vadhaiyan</i> (ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਿਵਾਲੀ ਦੀਆਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਬਹੁਤ ਵਧਾਈਆਂ ਹੋਣ ): Greeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><i>Subho Deepabalir Preeti O Subechsha</i> (শুভ দীপাবলীর প্রীতি ও শুভেচ্ছা) :Greeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><i>Deepavalira Anek Shubhechha</i> (ଦୀପାବଳିର ଅନେକ ଶୁଭେଛା) :Greeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Oriya language">Oriya</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: white;">"Happy Deepavali!" :Greeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="English language">English</a></span></b></li>
</ul>
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<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span style="color: white;">Prayers</span></b></dt>
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<b><span style="color: white;">The prayers vary widely by region of India. An example <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Veda">vedic</a> prayer from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brhadaranyaka_Upanishad" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Brhadaranyaka Upanishad">Brhadaranyaka Upanishad</a> celebrating lights is:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-91" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[90]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-92" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[91]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Asato ma sat gamaya | (असतो मा सद्गमय ।)<br />Tamaso ma jyotir gamaya | (तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय ।)<br />Mṛtyor ma amṛtam gamaya | (मृत्योर्मा अमृतं गमय ।)<br />Om shanti shanti shantihi || (ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥)</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">Translation:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-93" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[92]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali#cite_note-94" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[93]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white;">From untruth lead us to Truth.<br />From darkness lead us to Light.<br />From death lead us to Immortality.<br />Om Peace, Peace, Peace.</span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-21246784201282847022014-10-17T03:42:00.006-07:002014-10-17T03:42:56.392-07:00DOODLE SKETCHES - Some of my Doodle drawings here - Artist Ani,Chennai,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-35603784949483612812014-10-11T01:20:00.001-07:002014-10-11T01:27:48.169-07:00ABOUT ME : Artist Anikartick (Karthikeyan Alagarsamy) - Chennai Plus - First Weekly Tabloid in Chennai<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: red;">About the Artist :</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">Chennai Plus</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">First Weekly Tabloid in Chennai</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">Bringing Out A 2D Animation Documentary On Mahatma Gandhi!</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">Posted on February 23, 2013 by Chennai Plus</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">Winner of Bafta Award for television animation serial</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">Mr.A.Karthikeyan is the winner of Bafta Award for doing an animation Television serial Red Fox and his team got the SFX National Award for Aalavandan, Tamil Movie. He has worked in 2D and 3D Kannada, Tamil and Hindi films including a few television series as an animator. Karthikeyan has completed his B.Sc Visual Communication and he is presently pursuing his M.Sc Visual Communication at Annamalai University. He has the technical knowledge in free hand outline and model drawing and has completed a related course from Tamil Nadu Government Technical Board.</span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: red;">His mode of painting consists of oil colours and water colours. His personal skill and talent in art consists of pen and pencil art, portrait, concept art, story board, Lay-out, character design, anatomy drawing. Classes in drawing and painting are also taken by him. He has software knowledge including MAYA (Character Animation). Karthikeyan had worked as a 2D Animation Director at Pyramid Infotainment Ltd, Valluar Kottam, Chennai. He was an Animation Supervisor for Games Shastra Solutions based at Hyderabad from January 2007 to 2009. He was a 3D Animator for I Power Animation Studio based in Chennai from November 2005 to 2006.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">Karthikeyan worked as a senior animator in Til Solutions (Total Infotainment) from August 2001 to 2003. He also was the senior animator in Data Quest from 2003 to 2004 and a senior animator cum team leader for Semanoor Technologies from 2004 January to October 2005. At Millitioon Animation Studio, Adyar Karthikeyan did animation projects for television series in foreign channels. He has done a number of classical animations for serials, namely- Pense Betes, Celestin, Red Fox, Vampire, Pirates and Aliens and Zoo Lane. At Til Solutions Karthikeyan did 2D animation feature films for various clients including Milt Vallas, Scaramoosh and Cartoon Network.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">At Data Quest Karthikeyan worked on projects titled Potatoes and Dragon and Pet Pals. He did television serials in foreign channels for Alphanim Animation Studio, France and for Titaly Animation Studio in Australia. As a 3D animator in I Power Animation Studio, Karthikeyan worked with client Maharashtra Multimedia for five episodes. Apart of being a expert animation and talented artist, Karthikeyan enjoys listening to music, and watching National Geographic and Discovery Channel.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">His first solo art show titled Indian Freedom Fighters in on at La Galerie D’Expressions, Hotel Ambassador Pallava, Montieth Road Egmore from 16th to 28th February 2013. About 80 paintings in pen and ink medium are displayed at the gallery. All the paintings are excellently done in a realistic manner by Karthikeyan, despite the fact that he is physically challenged. Karthikeyan is the perfect example for hard work, dedication and striving towards success in life. Karthikeyan resides at Sidoc Nagar, Villivakkam.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">chennaiplus.net/?p=7711</span></b><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-90518362854273083902014-10-11T01:10:00.001-07:002014-10-11T01:12:21.635-07:00GOD GANESHA ART - PYRAMID GANESHA Paintings - PILLAIYAR OVIYANGAL - Oviyar Anikartick,Chennai,Tamilnadu,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-65527736982397436762014-10-11T01:01:00.001-07:002014-10-11T01:01:32.100-07:00LALIT KALA ACADEMY - Chennai - Art Gallery - Painting Exhibition - Artists(Oviyarkal) Crew of Tamil Nadu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Lalit Kala Akademi (National Academy of Fine Art) is the premier fine art institution of the Government of India to promote, spread and develop Indian fine art culture. It is a non-profit, autonomous body, funded by the Ministry of Culture. In pursuance of its role, LKA holds exhibitions, institutes scholarships, sponsorships, fellowships, assistance schemes, Lifetime Achievement Awards, and publishes documentary material. It also conducts Triennale India, and the National Exhibition of Photography and Art.</div>
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<tr><td class="contentheading" style="color: #e7b015; font-size: 2.4em; font-weight: bold; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 576px;" width="100%">Chennai</td><td align="right" class="buttonheading" width="100%"></td></tr>
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<br />The Lalit Kala Akademi (National Academy of Art) is an autonomous body set up by the Govt. of India under the administrative control of the Ministry of Culture, for the promotion of Fine Arts (Drawing, Painting Sculpture, Ceramic, Graphic and other Contemporary Plastic Arts forms, like Installation, Digital and Media Arts and Photography) in the country.<br /><br />The Regional Centre of the Lalit Kala Akademi, Chennai, was established in 1978, for the above purpose in the region, and covers the art-related programmes of the States of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Pondicherry. Later, Maharastra, Goa and Lakshadeep werealso included in its charter of responsibilities.<br /><br />The existing land of one acre was allotted to the Lalit Kala Akademi for establishing its Regional Centre at Chennai, onan ownership basis,by the State Government, in 1977.</div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">The first phase construction (present office area and the ground floor Gallery) was completed in 1978, by the State PWD with the contribution of 50% share from the State Government.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Later in 1984, the second phase construction was completed with the construction of the first floor Gallery, along with the Workshops, and Studio facilities for the artists to use the space and facilities for their creation.</li>
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<strong>The Centre has the following facilities for artists:</strong></div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Graphic Workshop</strong> <strong>:</strong> 8 artists to work at a time</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Ceramic Workshop</strong> <strong>: </strong>8 artists to work at a time</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Sculpture Workshop</strong> <strong>:</strong> 8 artists to work at a time</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Painting Studio : </strong>10 - 12 artists to work at a time</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Reference Library :</strong> for working artists and scholars</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Art Galleries</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Publication sales</li>
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<br />Every year, the Centre organizes several activities for the promotion of art around the region by organizing art events like Lectures on Art, Art Film Shows, Interactive Lectures, Artists-in-Residency programmes, Camps, Workshops, Demonstrations, Exhibitions and Seminars etc. Many of these programmes of the Centre are organized in collaboration with different art institutions and organizations.<br /><br /><strong>Location</strong></div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Address : </strong>Regional Centre, 4, Greams Road, Chennai-600 006</li>
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<strong>Accessibility</strong></div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Airport :</strong> 12 kms from the Regional Centre</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Railway Station :</strong> 4 Km. from Chennai Central Railway Station/2Km. from Egmore Station</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Main Bus Stand :</strong> 8 Km. from Koyampedu bus stand</li>
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<br /><br /><strong>Functioning</strong></div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Year of Establishment :</strong> 14-10-1978</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Timings :</strong> 9:30 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Holidays :</strong> Saturday and Sunday and all Government Holidays</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Entrance Fees :</strong> Nil</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Photographic Charges :</strong> No charges/for outsiders, permission will be given only with a written request from the Regional Secretary.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Videographic Charges :</strong> No charges/for outsiders, permission will be given only with a written request from the Regional Secretary.</li>
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<br /><br /><strong>Administration</strong></div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Type of Museum : </strong>Exhibition Gallery, Workshop and Studio facilities for Graphics, Sculpture, Ceramic and Painting.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Controlling Authority : </strong>Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi, which works under the Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Objective : </strong>The objective of the Centre is to provide facilities for artists from around the region to organize various programmes for the development of contemporary art in the country.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Details of the Officials:</strong><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Head : </strong>Regional Secretary- Shri R M. Palaniappan<ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;"></ul>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Office Superintendent :</strong> ShriK. Ayyadurai</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Ceramic Workshop Supervisor :</strong> ShriN. Karoonamoorthy</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Sculpture Workshop Supervisor :</strong> ShriT. Vijayavelu</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<br /><br /><strong>Permanent Collection :</strong></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Collection : </strong>Includes stone, metal, wood and bronze sculptures, Paintings, Graphics and Ceramics; also mixed media works.</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<br /><br /><strong>Facilities :</strong></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Publication :</strong> All Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi, Publications.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Library :</strong> Around 2000 books,Art Journals, and Reference Books for reading purposes. Official Timings (9:30am - 6:00pm)</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Educational Activities :</strong> Workshops (Graphics, Ceramic, Sculpture, and Painting); studio facilities for artists, Interactive Lectures,Demonstrations, Artist-in-Residency, and other Programmes from time to time.</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.7em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong>Galleries :</strong> The Galleries are available for art and crafts exhibitions on rental basis as follow :<br /><table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><th>Type of Galleries</th><th>Artist<br />Rates</th><th>Art Institutions /<br />Colleges</th><th>Commercial<br />Galleries /<br />Cultural Centres</th></tr>
<tr><td>Ground Floor 410 RFT</td><td>Rs.25,000</td><td>Rs.35,000</td><td>Rs.50,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>First floor – for one man<br />show</td><td>Rs.8,000</td><td>Rs.15,000</td><td>Rs.25,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>First floor – for group show</td><td>Rs.15,000</td><td>Rs.25,000</td><td>Rs.35,000</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">Service Taxes, refundable security deposit extra.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-272105842350017442014-10-11T00:55:00.000-07:002014-10-11T00:55:01.117-07:00HORSE - HORSES - MODERN ART - ABSTRACT ART - DRAWINGS - PEN DRAWINGS - KUTHIRAI OVIYANGAL - KUTHIRAI - KUTHIRAIKAL - Chennai Artist Anikartick,TamilNadu,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-80135353952265996122014-10-11T00:47:00.001-07:002014-10-11T00:47:22.991-07:00INDIAN FREEDOM FIGHTERS - Leaders and Their BIOGRAPHY - Pen drawings - Collect the copies to remember our Leaders sacrifices to got freedom India - JAIHIND - THAAIMANNAE VANAKKAM - Oviyar Anikartick,Chennai,Tamil Nadu,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-59804650158892646632014-10-10T23:59:00.001-07:002014-10-11T00:00:52.982-07:00GANESHA AVATAR - GOD GANESHA Concept Art by Artist Anikartick,Chennai,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-47244881456200395582014-10-10T23:55:00.001-07:002014-10-10T23:56:56.140-07:00KRISHNA VATAR - BABY KRISHNA - LITTLE KRISHNA - Concept Art by Artist Anikartick,Chennai,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-10174554549519209502014-10-10T23:52:00.001-07:002014-10-10T23:52:17.887-07:00Horse Paintings - Horse means Power - Concept Paintings by Artist Anikartick,Chennai,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-54581966033878306512014-10-10T23:49:00.000-07:002014-10-10T23:49:02.658-07:00TAMILNADU FAMOUS TEMPLES - Some of my Pen drawings - Artist Anikartick,Chennai,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-48810930829002252632014-10-10T23:35:00.001-07:002014-10-10T23:38:19.166-07:00SADHGURU - JAKKI VASUDEV - PAINTINGS - Done by Artist Anikartick,Chennai,Tamil Nadu,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Jaggi Vasudev</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> also known as </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Sadhguru</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, is an Indian </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Yogi">yogi</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Mysticism">mystic</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">. He founded the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isha_Foundation" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Isha Foundation">Isha Foundation</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, a non-profit organisation which offers </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Yoga">yoga</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> programs around the world, including India, United States, England, Lebanon, Singapore, Canada, Malaysia, Uganda and Australia. The Foundation is also involved in various social and community development activities, which have resulted in the Foundation being granted special consultative status with the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> of the United Nations.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_1-0" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-The_Hindu-1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></b><br />
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Born into a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> family<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-2" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, Karnataka on 3 September 1957 to Susheela and Dr. Vasudev, Jagadish was the youngest of the Vasudev's four children – two boys and two girls. A travelling fortune-teller, who was asked to predict the child's future, predicted that the infant would have a fortunate life and named the infant Jagadish which means lord of the universe. Sadhguru's father was an<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmologist" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ophthalmologist">ophthalmologist</a> with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> and as a result, the family moved frequently. At a young age, Jagadish, or Jaggi as he came to be known, developed an interest in nature and would frequently make trips into nearby forests which would sometimes last up to three days at a time. At the age of 11, Jaggi came in contact with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malladihalli_Sri_Raghavendra_Swamiji" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swamiji">Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swamiji</a> who taught him a set of simple yoga asanas, the practice of which he regularly maintained.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-3" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> Sadhguru states that "without a single day's break, this simple yoga that was taught to him kept happening and led to a much deeper experience later."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bio_4-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-bio-4" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; white-space: nowrap;">:39</sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">After finishing his schooling, he graduated from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mysore" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="University of Mysore">University of Mysore</a> with a bachelor's degree in English Literature, standing second in his class.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ieved_5-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-ieved-5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> During his college years, he developed an interest in travel and motorcycles. A frequent haunt of his and his friends was the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamundi_Hill" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Chamundi Hill">Chamundi Hill</a> near Mysore, where they often had get-togethers and nocturnal drives. He also travelled to various places in the country on his motorcycle. When he reached the Indo-Nepal border, he was stopped from entering Nepal because he did not possess a passport. This experience made him resolve "to earn some quick money," and just ride off somewhere where people couldn't stop him. This led him to open several successful businesses after graduation, including a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_farm" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Poultry farm">poultry farm</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickworks" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Brickworks">brickworks</a> and a construction business.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ieved_5-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-ieved-5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Spiritual_experience">Spiritual experience</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Spiritual experience">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: red;">At the age of twenty-five on 23 September 1981, he rode up <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamundi_Hill" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Chamundi Hill">Chamundi Hill</a> and sat on a rock, when he had a spiritual experience. Sadhguru describes his experience, "Till that moment in my life I always thought this is me and that's somebody else and something else. But for the first time I did not know which is me and which is not me. Suddenly, what was me was just all over the place. The very rock on which I was sitting, the air that I breathe, the very atmosphere around me, I had just exploded into everything. That sounds like utter insanity. This, I thought it lasted for ten to fifteen minutes but when I came back to my normal consciousness, I was about four-and-a-half-hours I was sitting there, fully conscious, eyes open, but time had just flipped."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-6" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; white-space: nowrap;">:04:04</sup> Six weeks after this experience, he left his business to his friend and travelled extensively in an effort to gain insight into his 'mystical' experience. After a year of meditation and travel, Sadhguru decided to teach yoga to share his inner experience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mid_7-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-mid-7" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">In 1983, he conducted his first yoga class with seven participants in Mysore. Over time, he began conducting yoga classes across Karnataka and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a> travelling from class to class on his motorcycle. He lived of the proceeds of his poultry farm rental and refused payment for the classes. A usual practice of his was to donate the collections received from participants to a local charity on the last day of the class.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mid_7-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-mid-7" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> These initial programs were the basic format on which the Isha Yoga classes were later built on.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">In 1989, he conducted his first class in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, near which the Isha Yoga Center would later be established. The classes were known as Sahaja Sthiti Yoga and involved <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asanas" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Asanas">asanas</a>, pranayama <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriyas" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kriyas">kriyas</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Meditation">meditation</a>. In 1993, Sadhguru decided to set up an ashram to support the growing number of spiritual aspirants. After examining with various sites around <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, Karnataka, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Goa">Goa</a>, he decided on a thirteen acre site situated at the foothills of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velliangiri_Mountains" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Velliangiri Mountains">Velliangiri Mountains</a>, thirty kilometres from Coimbatore. In 1994, the site was bought and the Isha Yoga Center was set up.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bio_4-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-bio-4" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Dhyanalinga">Dhyanalinga</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Dhyanalinga">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyanalinga" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhyanalinga">Dhyanalinga</a></span></b></div>
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhyanalinga.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none !important; border: none !important; display: block; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Enlarge"><span style="color: red;"><img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" style="-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; background-image: none !important; border: none !important; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<b><span style="color: red;">The Dhyanalinga within the temple dome.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">In 1994, Sadhguru conducted the first program in the ashram premises, during which he discussed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyanalinga" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhyanalinga">Dhyanalinga</a>. The Dhyanalinga is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogic" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Yogic">yogic</a> temple and a space for meditation, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Consecration">consecration</a> of which, Sadhguru had stated was his life's mission entrusted to him by his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Guru">Guru</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mid_7-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-mid-7" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> In 1996, the stone edifice of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linga" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Linga">linga</a> was ordered and arrived at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashram" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ashram">ashram</a>. After three years of work, the Dhyanalinga was completed on 23 June 1999<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-8" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> and opened to the public on 23 November.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-9" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhyanalinga" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dhyanalinga">Dhyanalinga</a> yogic temple offers a meditative space that does not ascribe to any particular faith or belief system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-10" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> A 76-foot dome, constructed using only bricks and stabilised mud <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> without steel or concrete,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-11" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> covers the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctum_sanctorum" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sanctum sanctorum">sanctum sanctorum</a>. The<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Lingam">lingam</a> is 13 feet, 9 inches in height and made of high density black <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Granite">granite</a>. The Sarva Dharma Sthamba, located at the front entrance, functions as an icon of singularity, with the sculptural reliefs and symbols of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism, Taoism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Shinto inscribed as a universal welcome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-12" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Isha_Foundation">Isha Foundation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Isha Foundation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isha_Foundation" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Isha Foundation">Isha Foundation</a></span></b></div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PGH_nurseries.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PGH_nurseries.jpg/250px-PGH_nurseries.jpg" height="166" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PGH_nurseries.jpg/375px-PGH_nurseries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PGH_nurseries.jpg/500px-PGH_nurseries.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span></b></a><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">Saplings being readied for transportation at a PGH nursery.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Sadhguru established Isha Foundation, a non-religious, non-profit organisation entirely run by volunteers. The Isha Yoga Center near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> was founded in 1992, and hosts a series of programs to heighten self-awareness through yoga. The foundation works in tandem with international bodies like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> of the United Nations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_1-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-The_Hindu-1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_initiatives">Social initiatives</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Social initiatives">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: red;">He also founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_GreenHands" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Project GreenHands">Project GreenHands</a> (PGH), a grassroots ecological initiative which was awarded the highest Indian environmental award, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Paryavaran_Puraskar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar">Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar</a>, by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> in June 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bus_13-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-bus-13" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> PGH aims to increase the green cover in Tamil Nadu by 10% and has successfully overseen the planting of more than 17 million trees by over 2 million volunteers. In an interview to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>Green magazine, Sadhguru explained the impetus which led him to establish Project GreenHands: "In the year 1998, certain experts […] made a prediction, by 2025, 60% of Tamil Nadu will be a desert. […] I decided to drive across Tamil Nadu and see for myself if this is true. […] I realized they were completely wrong because it wouldn’t go to 2025, it would happen much faster according to me. […] So from ‘98 to 2003, 2004, I went about planting trees in people’s minds. And since 2004, we are transplanting those trees back to the ground."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-14" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_for_Rural_Rejuvenation" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Action for Rural Rejuvenation">Action for Rural Rejuvenation</a> (ARR), is an initiative under Isha Foundation, that is aimed towards improving the overall health and quality of life of the rural poor. ARR was established by Sadhguru in 2003 and seeks to benefit 70 million people in 54,000 villages across<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="South India">South India</a>. As of 2010, ARR has reached over 4,200 villages and a population of over 7 million people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-15" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-16" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> He has also been involved with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> and farmers' associations to work towards resolving issues faced by Indian farmers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isha_Vidhya" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Isha Vidhya">Isha Vidhya</a>, is Isha Foundation's educational initiative, which aims to raise the level of education and literacy in rural India. There are seven schools in operation which educate around 3000 students.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-18" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> The foundation has also "adopted" 26 government schools to reach out to students from financially constrained backgrounds, and aims to adopt up to 3000 schools.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-19" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-20" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Yoga_programs">Yoga programs</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Yoga programs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Sadhguru conducting the Inner Engineering Program at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">After the establishment of the ashram, Sadhguru began conducting regular yoga programs at the Isha Yoga Center, including a course for the Indian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Hockey">Hockey</a> team in 1996.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-21" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-22" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> In 1997, he began conducting classes in the United States<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-23" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-24" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> and in 1998, he began conducting yoga classes for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Life imprisonment">life-term prisoners</a> in Tamil Nadu prisons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-25" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> From 2011, he began conducting programs with large-scale participation of up to 10,000 and 15,000 participants at once. These large-scale programs have been attended by over 75,000 people in total.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-26" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-27" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">The programs offered by Sadhguru are offered under the umbrella of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isha_Yoga" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Isha Yoga">Isha Yoga</a>. The word Isha means the formless divine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-28" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup> Isha Yoga's flagship program is 'Inner Engineering' where individuals are initiated into meditation and pranayam and the Shambhavi Mahamudra.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-29" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup> He is also conducting yoga classes for the corporate leadership to introduce them to what he calls "inclusive economics," which he says introduces a sense of compassion and inclusiveness into today's economic scenario.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-30" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-31" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Sadhguru also regularly conducts <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsang" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Satsang">Mahasathsangs</a> in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka that include discourses, meditations and question and answer sessions with the audience. These Mahasathsangs are also used as platforms to encourage tree-planting activities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-32" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> He also takes spiritual aspirants on annual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatra" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Yatra">yatras</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kailash" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. The Kailash Yatra led by Sadhguru is among the largest groups to make the trip to Kailash, with 514 pilgrims attending the journey in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-33" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-34" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Sadhguru also organises all-night <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahashivarathri" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Mahashivarathri">Mahashivarathri</a> celebrations every year at the Isha Yoga Center, which in 2013, were attended by an estimated 600,000 to 800,000 people approximately.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-35" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-36" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-outlook_37-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-outlook-37" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup> The night includes music, dance and guided <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Meditation">meditation</a> sessions. In 2013, performers included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic</a> singer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruna_Sairam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Aruna Sairam">Aruna Sairam</a>, dancer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Ratnam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Anita Ratnam">Anita Ratnam</a> and the band, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raghu_Dixit_Project" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="The Raghu Dixit Project">The Raghu Dixit Project</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-outlook_37-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-outlook-37" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">In March 2005, construction of the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isha_Institute_of_Inner-sciences_(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Isha Institute of Inner-sciences (III) (page does not exist)">Isha Institute of Inner-sciences (III)</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMinnville,_Tennessee" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="McMinnville, Tennessee">McMinnville, Tennessee</a>, USA was begun and was completed 6 months later. Sadhguru had decided to established III as a center for spiritual growth in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. On 7 November 2008, Sadhguru consecrated the Mahima Hall, a 39,000 square foot, free-standing meditation hall at the III.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-38" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup> On 30 January 2010, Sadhguru consecrated the Linga Bhairavi, a representation of the feminine aspects of the divine at the Isha Yoga Center.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bio_4-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-bio-4" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Participation_in_global_and_economic_forums">Participation in global and economic forums</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Participation in global and economic forums">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K.V._Kamath_at_the_India_Economic_Summit_2008_cropped.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><b><span style="color: red;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/K.V._Kamath_at_the_India_Economic_Summit_2008_cropped.jpg/100px-K.V._Kamath_at_the_India_Economic_Summit_2008_cropped.jpg" height="141" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/K.V._Kamath_at_the_India_Economic_Summit_2008_cropped.jpg/150px-K.V._Kamath_at_the_India_Economic_Summit_2008_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/K.V._Kamath_at_the_India_Economic_Summit_2008_cropped.jpg/200px-K.V._Kamath_at_the_India_Economic_Summit_2008_cropped.jpg 2x" style="-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></span></b></a><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV_Kamath" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="KV Kamath">KV Kamath</a>, who was present at the Isha Insight program.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Sadhguru has spoken at the United Nations Millennium World Peace Summit in 2000,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-39" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-40" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup> On 24 June 2013, he conducted a multi-religious session titled, "Interfaith Deliberations on the Universality of Religions" at the Isha Yoga Center, which was attended by representatives of various religions, and coincided with the fourteenth anniversary celebrations of the Dhyanalinga.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-41" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-42" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">In 2012, he was voted among the hundred most powerful Indians for his contribution in the field of environmental protection and for encouraging public participation in ecological issues.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-43" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup> He was also a participant in the 2006 documentary film <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE:_The_Movie" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="ONE: The Movie">ONE: The Movie</a>. He has also been involved in one-on-one interactions as part of the "In Conversations With the Mystic" program with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupam_Kher" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Anupam Kher">Anupam Kher</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasti_Chelameswar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Jasti Chelameswar">Jasti Chelameswar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilip_Cherian" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dilip Cherian">Dilip Cherian</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffar_Ali" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Muzaffar Ali">Muzaffar Ali</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Tahiliani" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tarun Tahiliani">Tarun Tahiliani</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-44" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-45" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">In 2012, he initiated the Isha Insight program, which focuses on helping small and medium businesses scale up their business activities. The program was conducted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Charan_(consultant)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Ram Charan (consultant)">Ram Charan</a>, with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV_Kamath" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="KV Kamath">KV Kamath</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandhi_Mallikarjuna_Rao" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao">Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao</a>Shankar Annaswamy, Vellayan Subbiah and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramod_Chaudhari" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Pramod Chaudhari">Pramod Chaudhari</a> also active in the program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-46" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> In an interview with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine, Sadhguru, speaking about the motivation behind setting up the program, said, "While speaking at economic summits and to leaders in India and outside, I have noticed that the most serious issue people have is a lack of insight into what they are doing, or what they could do. That’s how we ended up creating this programme called Insight."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev#cite_note-47" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Publications">Publications</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=8&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="English">English</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=9&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: English">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Encounter the Enlightened</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/818668560X" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-86685-60-X</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Mystic's Musings</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8186685596" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-86685-59-6</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Joy 24x7</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179929148" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-81-7992-914-8</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Pebbles of Wisdom</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179929520" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-81-7992-952-0</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>The Mystic Eye</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8179928837" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-7992-883-7</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Essential Wisdom from a Spiritual Master</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8179928829" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-7992-882-9</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Flowers on the Path</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187910054" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-87910-05-4</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Himalayan Lust</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184950762" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-81-8495-076-2</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Eternal Echoes: The Sacred Sounds Through the Mystic</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/818791002X" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-87910-02-X</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Dhyanalinga: The Silent Revolution</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187910003" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-87910-00-3</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Dhyanalinga: The Eternal Form</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187910121" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-87910-12-1</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Circus of The Mind</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187910100" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-87910-10-0</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Unleashing The Mind</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187910089" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-87910-08-9</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Good And Bad Divides The World</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187910070" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-87910-07-0</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Enlightenment: What It Is</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187910062" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-87910-06-2</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Sacred Space For Self-transformation</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187910097" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-87910-09-7</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Ancient Technology For The Modern Mind</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187910119" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-87910-11-9</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Three Truths of Well Being</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670087068" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-0-67008-706-8</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Midnights with the Mystic</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571745613" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-1-57174-561-3</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>A Guru Always takes you for a Ride</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187910534" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-8-18791-053-4</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Ancient Technology For The Modern Mind</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187910114" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-8-18791-011-4</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Don't Polish Your Ignorance....it may shine</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184952001" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-8-18495-200-1</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Of Mystics & Mistakes</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184953084" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-8-18495-308-4</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Body - The Greatest Gadget/Mind Is Your Business</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789350833605" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-9-35083-360-5</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Emotion The Juice Of Life : Compulsiveness To Consciousness</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789350833629" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-9-35083-362-9</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Encounter the Enlightened</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186685600" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-8-18668-560-0</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Sadhguru Biography-More Than A Life</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670085125" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-0-67008-512-5</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">Why Suffering</span></b></i></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">Inner Management: In the Presence of the Master</span></b></i></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">Isha Living</span></b></i></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">Sexuality And Divine</span></b></i></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">You</span></b></i></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">SG Convex View book</span></b></i></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">The sacred India Book</span></b></i></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.17em; position: relative;">
<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Tamil">Tamil</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=10&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Tamil">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Sey... Seyathe!</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8184762884" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-8476-288-4</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Athanaikum Asaipadu</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8189780050" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-89780-05-0</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Moondravathu Konam</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8184761559" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-8476-155-9</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Unakkagave Oru Ragasiyam</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8189936242" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-89936-24-2</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Konjam Amudham Konjam Visham</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8184761344" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-8476-134-4</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Aayiram Jannal</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8184762266" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-8476-226-6</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">Anandha Alai</span></b></i></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">Ganathin Bramandam</span></b></i></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">Guru Thantha Guru</span></b></i></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><i><b><span style="color: red;">Moondravath Konam</span></b></i></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.17em; position: relative;">
<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hindi">Hindi</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=11&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Hindi">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Ek Aadhyatmik Guru Ka Alaukik Gyaan</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8184951424" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-8495-142-4</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Mrutyu Ek Kalpana Hai</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788128829697" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-81-288-2969-7</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Srushti se srushta tak</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788128829703" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-81-288-2970-3</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Aatm-Gyan : Aakhir Hai Kya</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788128834950" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-81-288-3495-0</a>, {First Edition in August-2011}</span></b></li>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Kannada">Kannada</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=12&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Kannada">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Gnyanodaya</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8172866068" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-7286-606-8</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Karunege Bhedavilla</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8172865910" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 81-7286-591-0</a></span></b></li>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Telugu">Telugu</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaggi_Vasudev&action=edit&section=13&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Telugu">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Gnani Sannidhilo</i> ISBN <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187910001" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-81-879100-01</a>-5</span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Sadhguru Subhaashitaalu</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380409771" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-93-80409-77-1</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Maunamto Rahasyam</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380409481" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">ISBN 978-93-80409-48-1</a></span></b></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><i>Poolu Parachina Baata</i> <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789882203513" style="background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-98-82203-51-3</a></span></b></li>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-49819320750215893022014-10-10T23:31:00.000-07:002014-10-10T23:31:00.584-07:00OVIYAM - OVIYNGAL - KOTTOVIYAM - KOTTOVIYANGAL - PEN DRWINGS - LINE DRAWINGS - PORTRAITS - Oviyar Anikartick,Chennai,Tamil Nadu,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-69383773195684915622014-10-10T23:25:00.001-07:002014-10-10T23:25:23.343-07:00KUTHIRAI - POIKKAL KUTHIRAI - OVIYAM - KOTTOVIYAM - Oviyar Anikartick,Chennai,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><br />POIKKAL KUTHIRAI - FAMOUS TAMIL FOLK ART FARM - Interested Article for You<br />Folk arts typically closely represent the culture and heritage of a region. In Tamil Nadu, the dance form of Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam is one such art. Also called Puravai Aatam, this is one of the oldest dance forms of the state that has been the birthplace for various innovative arts.As a community art, this dance is popular in villages across Tamil Nadu and has blended with the day-to-day life of the people. Unlike Karagattam and Kavadi Aatam, both religious dances, Poikkal Kuthirai is mostly performed as an entertainment during festivals. It may also be performed as part of religious celebrations; for instance, in honor of Ayyanar, the Hindu idol that is worshipped to protect the village.<br />Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam is performed bearing a lightweight dummy horse around the dancer’s waist. This dance may be called Puravi Naatiyam (Horse Dance), Poi Kuthirai (False Horse) and Marakkaladal (Wooden Leg Dancing). It is also popular in states other than Tamil Nadu. The dance is known as Saithikoda in Orissa, Theelu Gurram in Andhra Pradesh, Kachikoti in Rajasthan and Kuthikali in Kerala.<br />HISTORY<br />It is said that Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam was introduced to Tamil Nadu by the Maratha kings. There are also references to this art form in early Tamil epics. The dance is one of the 11 dances performed by Madhavi, a character in Silappadikaram. This work was written in the 2nd century and is one of the ancient epics of the Tamil language. References to Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam can also be found in the epic Tholkaapiam. In one section, the heroine’s parents ban the marriage between their daughter and her lover. The hero dons a horse-like structure made up of maple leaves and starts protesting in the streets to marry the girl. Mentions in these epics indicate that this art form originated many centuries ago.<br />There is a legend that Goddess Durga used to perform this dance. To take revenge, her enemies disguised themselves as poisonous snakes and scorpions, and planned to bite her while dancing. Durga was aware of their plan and for self-protection she tied wood around her legs and danced. As a result of heavy dance steps made by her, her enemies died. This gave the dance the name of Marakkaladal, or Wooden Leg Dancing. Later, the dance was renamed Poikkal Kuthirai.<br />AESTHETICS<br />The dummy horse is typically made up of jute, cardboard, paper and glass. It contains a hole into which the dancer can fit. The legs of the horse are, of course, the legs of the dancers, but it looks as if the dancer is sitting on a horse. The dancers also don wooden legs that sound like the horse’s hooves. The dummy horse is adorned with colorful skirts that swing around with the movements of the dancers.<br />This dance requires extensive training and skill as the wooden legs constrict one’s movement and are also heavy. In some places, such as Madurai, there is a practice of performing the dance without wooden legs and they dance barefoot, wearing only anklets.<br />This dance is typically performed in oorvalam, meaning procession, which covers all the areas surrounding the temple during festivals. Dancers often portray kings and queens and sport swords. Sometimes, the dance is performed by groups of eight or ten dancers standing in circles or lines.<br />Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam is performed to the accompaniment of Naiyandi Melam. A Naiyandi Melam musical ensemble typically includes two nathaswarams (wind-pipes), one sudhipetti, and one thaalam, and several drums played with drum sticks such as thavils, pambai, kidumutti or sinukuchatti. This is the style followed in Kongunadu region of Tamil Nadu. In southern parts of the state, an urumi—a drum with two conical heads—is also used along with the other instruments.<br />STALWARTS<br />Mr. Ramakrishnan, who lived in Thiruvayaru (near Tanjavur), was the first person to practice Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam.<br />POPULARITY<br />Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam is famous all over Tamil Nadu and most parts of India.<br />M.G. Ramachandran (former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu) was a great fan of various forms of dances. Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam was one of his favorites.<br />Sculptures of Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam can be seen in Chennai, the capital city of Tamil Nadu, near Loyola School, Valluvar Kottam, Cathedral Road and Tirumalai Road.<br />Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam was made popular in the state of Tamil Nadu, and particularly in Chennai, by the Chennai Sangamam festival a few years ago.<br />INSTITUTIONS<br />Some institutes that provide training in folk dance forms are<br />● Alapadma Dance Yoga<br />● Academy of Arts of India, Chennai<br />● Academy of Modern Dance, Chennai<br />● Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar<br />● Koothambalam, Chennai<br />● PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore.</b></span><br /><br /><br /><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4825033503954630203" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: #333333; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 570px;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-25630570287753323612014-10-10T23:19:00.001-07:002014-10-10T23:22:16.511-07:00OVIYAM - PENNOVIYAM - TAMIL PENGAL - INDIA PENGAL - PONNOVIYAM - KOTTOVIYAM - KOTTUCHITHIRAM - KOTTOVIYANGAL - TAMIL OVIYANGAL - TAMIL ART - INDIAN ART - TAMIL TRADITIONAL ART - FOLK ART - VILLAGE ART - WOMEN ART<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tamil poet Bharathi -A real life hero</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; text-align: start;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="color: yellow;"><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">The Tamil poet, Maha Kavi Subramaniam Bharathiar, familiarly referred to as Bharathi, has been a real life hero. His extraordinary power was his poetry, his weapon of choice- his pen. He wrote at a time when his country was crying out for reform. Though many may remember him for inspiring his people to seek freedom from alien rule, he also spoke out for the freedom and equality of the Indian woman - his damsel in distress - in a time when they were barely acknowledged for their existence. </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">The mid 19th century was a time when the Indian woman had absolutely no rights and their relationship with their husbands were close to that of Master and Slave. Women were not thought important enough to pursue studies, as their role was more as the dutiful wife at home. </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Bharathi was first among the growing school of Renaissance poets during this period who insisted that the only way for a country to grow was through empowering its women. </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">"Aanum Pennum nigarrenak kolvathaal </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Ariviloanki ivvagayakam thalaikumaam" </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Taken from his poem Puthumai Penn (New Woman) the line evokes that "When we realize that man and woman are equal, this world will flourish with knowledge". </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Born on December 11, 1882, in the Tamil village of Ettayapuram, Bharathi a Brahmin was recognized for his talent as a poet even at the age of 11. After an early marriage Bharathi curious about the outside world travelled to Kasi in 1898, where the next four years led him discover a nation in tumult and misery under British rule. By the early 1900s Bharathi had fully immersed himself in the nationalist rule and took an active part in the Congress gatherings throughout the country. He also took an avid interest in the world of journalism and the print media of the West. He joined the Swadeshamitran, a Tamil daily as Assistant Editor and later on started his own Tamil weekly Bala Bharatham and also the English newspaper India. He was frequently thrown into prison as a result of his strong views against the British who were suppressing freedom fighters at the time. </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">From religious hymns to inspiring nationalist anthems and poems shattering without hesitation every social taboo that was held close by conventional South Indians, Bharathi voiced his opinion without hesitation in a lyrical style that has not even been surpassed by literature that followed his period. Among his well-known poetry is Oadi vilayaadu paapaa. While a poem of instruction for children it also hints to all ages on accepting people as human beings and not on their caste or creed. </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Jaadhigal illaiyadi paaapaa, </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Kulath thaalchi uyarchi sollal paavam paapaa </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Neethi uyarntha mathi kalvi </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Anbu niraiya udayavargal meloar paapaa </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">"There is no caste little one. It is a sin to categorise people as high and low caste. Only those who possess justice, intelligence and education and great love are of a high caste" </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Thus he included the Tamil woman in his fight for freedom who, in one of his essays he called "Slaves who remain conservative and orthodox" as they were "not permitted to make their own choices". </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Woman as a mother was Bharathi's favourite theme and the book 'Woman in Modern Tamil Literature' by Loganayagy Nannithamby says that "Bharati who envisages women as the incarnation of Sakti [Parasakti - the great Goddess or the Mother-Goddess] says in one of his essays on philosophy: As a man, all the female deities you pray to, represent the latent powers of Parasakti hidden in women like your mother, wife, sister and daughter." </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Bharati's idealist views later turned to more down-to-earth, reformist views with the seeping in of Northern influences like the coming of the Brahmins and Puranas, which was slowly deteorating the status of the woman of the South. He argued that if women's freedom were to be deprived, man would perish along with it and that men were not to monopolize freedom. </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Aettayum pengal thoduvadhu theemaiyendren niyirunthavar </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Maaynthuvittar </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Veetukkullay pennaip pooti vaippoam endra vindai manithar thalai </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Kavilnthaaar </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">"Those who thought that women should not touch books and learn have died! Those surprising people who said that we have to lock women in homes to do their duties, have put their heads down in shame." </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">His hope for women included a librated free woman who thought independently and used her knowledge, like men, for the betterment of the country. His wife Chellamal Bharati, in her biography of her husband related incidents when she says how her husband put all social barriers to the wind and clung to her arms while walking boldly next to her (Brahmin women were required to walk a few steps behind her husband). </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">"Nimirntha nannenjum naer konda paarvaiyum </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Nilathinil yaarukkum anjaatha nerigalum </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Thimirntha gnanach cherukkum iruppadhaal </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Semmai maadhargal thirambuvathillaiyaam" </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">"With upright heart and steadfast look and ideas that are not afraid of anyone in the world- the woman does not falter as she has the delight of wisdom." </span><br style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.6000003814697px;" /><br style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">This great poet died on September 11, 1921 after being trampled by an Elephant when he went seeking blessings at the temple. </span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="background-color: #333333; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: yellow; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; text-align: left;">He was thought of as such an outcast at the time that only seven people attended his funeral. But his poetry, which belied his time, caused the birth of new ideas and the emancipation of the status of the woman in India today and remains as inspiration to millions of people around the world</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.2000007629395px; text-align: left;">.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZV1SO1wWH0fACbTK4zPv4JkMjJMnDi1Px0p-6OBbAPkVWXe-ACFdSxIPgOt8Z0j3RKr1_S7prjfVmRZ-i0DT6bVu-jbnTLeOf5JNgModyJrfA2QdfIsM_PXlCbCgr0y-lovLeaheGXK0/s1600/Sex+Violence+in+the+World++against+Female+Childs+-+Concept+Art+by+Artist+Anikartick,Chennai,India.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #cc6600; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s initial initial;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZV1SO1wWH0fACbTK4zPv4JkMjJMnDi1Px0p-6OBbAPkVWXe-ACFdSxIPgOt8Z0j3RKr1_S7prjfVmRZ-i0DT6bVu-jbnTLeOf5JNgModyJrfA2QdfIsM_PXlCbCgr0y-lovLeaheGXK0/s1600/Sex+Violence+in+the+World++against+Female+Childs+-+Concept+Art+by+Artist+Anikartick,Chennai,India.jpg" height="640" style="-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; background-color: #111111; border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="452" /></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-32203958581149572132014-10-10T23:10:00.001-07:002014-10-10T23:13:20.276-07:00HORSE DRAWINGS - HORSE PAINTINGS by Artist Anikartick,Chennai,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-7910358447995287642014-10-10T23:05:00.002-07:002014-10-10T23:05:39.768-07:00SADHGURU JAKKI VASUDEV - Portraits - Pen Drawings - Line Drawings - Artist Ani,Chennai,India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /><span style="color: white;"><b>Jaggi Vasudev also known as Sadhguru, is an Indian yogi and mystic. He founded the Isha Foundation, a non-profit organisation which offers yoga programs around the world, including India, United States, England, Lebanon, Singapore, Canada, Malaysia, Uganda and Australia. The Foundation is also involved in various social and community development activities, which have resulted in the Foundation being granted special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.[1]<br />Contents.<br />1 Early life<br />2 Spiritual experience<br />3 Dhyanalinga<br />4 Isha Foundation<br />4.1 Social initiatives<br />5 Yoga programs<br />6 Participation in global and economic forums<br />7 Publications<br />7.1 English<br />7.2 Tamil<br />7.3 Hindi<br />7.4 Kannada<br />7.5 Telugu<br />8 References<br />9 Further reading<br />10 External links<br />Early life[edit]<br /><br />Born into a Kannada family[2] in Mysore, Karnataka on 3 September 1957 to Susheela and Dr. Vasudev, Jagadish was the youngest of the Vasudev's four children – two boys and two girls. A travelling fortune-teller, who was asked to predict the child's future, predicted that the infant would have a fortunate life and named the infant Jagadish which means lord of the universe. Sadhguru's father was an ophthalmologist with the Indian Railways and as a result, the family moved frequently. At a young age, Jagadish, or Jaggi as he came to be known, developed an interest in nature and would frequently make trips into nearby forests which would sometimes last up to three days at a time. At the age of 11, Jaggi came in contact with Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swamiji who taught him a set of simple yoga asanas, the practice of which he regularly maintained.[3] Sadhguru states that "without a single day's break, this simple yoga that was taught to him kept happening and led to a much deeper experience later."[4]:39<br />After finishing his schooling, he graduated from the University of Mysore with a bachelor's degree in English Literature, standing second in his class.[5] During his college years, he developed an interest in travel and motorcycles. A frequent haunt of his and his friends was the Chamundi Hill near Mysore, where they often had get-togethers and nocturnal drives. He also travelled to various places in the country on his motorcycle. When he reached the Indo-Nepal border, he was stopped from entering Nepal because he did not possess a passport. This experience made him resolve "to earn some quick money," and just ride off somewhere where people couldn't stop him. This led him to open several successful businesses after graduation, including a poultry farm, a brickworks and a construction business.[5]<br />Spiritual experience[edit]<br /><br />At the age of twenty-five on 23 September 1981, he rode up Chamundi Hill and sat on a rock, when he had a spiritual experience. Sadhguru describes his experience, "Till that moment in my life I always thought this is me and that's somebody else and something else. But for the first time I did not know which is me and which is not me. Suddenly, what was me was just all over the place. The very rock on which I was sitting, the air that I breathe, the very atmosphere around me, I had just exploded into everything. That sounds like utter insanity. This, I thought it lasted for ten to fifteen minutes but when I came back to my normal consciousness, I was about four-and-a-half-hours I was sitting there, fully conscious, eyes open, but time had just flipped."[6]:04:04 Six weeks after this experience, he left his business to his friend and travelled extensively in an effort to gain insight into his 'mystical' experience. After a year of meditation and travel, Sadhguru decided to teach yoga to share his inner experience.[7]<br />In 1983, he conducted his first yoga class with seven participants in Mysore. Over time, he began conducting yoga classes across Karnataka and Hyderabad travelling from class to class on his motorcycle. He lived of the proceeds of his poultry farm rental and refused payment for the classes. A usual practice of his was to donate the collections received from participants to a local charity on the last day of the class.[7] These initial programs were the basic format on which the Isha Yoga classes were later built on.<br />In 1989, he conducted his first class in Coimbatore, near which the Isha Yoga Center would later be established. The classes were known as Sahaja Sthiti Yoga and involved asanas, pranayama kriyas and meditation. In 1993, Sadhguru decided to set up an ashram to support the growing number of spiritual aspirants. After examining with various sites around Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Goa, he decided on a thirteen acre site situated at the foothills of the Velliangiri Mountains, thirty kilometres from Coimbatore. In 1994, the site was bought and the Isha Yoga Center was set up.[4]<br />Dhyanalinga[edit]<br /><br />Main article: Dhyanalinga<br /><br />The Dhyanalinga within the temple dome.<br />In 1994, Sadhguru conducted the first program in the ashram premises, during which he discussed the Dhyanalinga. The Dhyanalinga is a yogic temple and a space for meditation, the consecration of which, Sadhguru had stated was his life's mission entrusted to him by his Guru.[7] In 1996, the stone edifice of the linga was ordered and arrived at the ashram. After three years of work, the Dhyanalinga was completed on 23 June 1999[8] and opened to the public on 23 November.[9]<br />The Dhyanalinga yogic temple offers a meditative space that does not ascribe to any particular faith or belief system.[10] A 76-foot dome, constructed using only bricks and stabilised mud mortar without steel or concrete,[11] covers the sanctum sanctorum. The lingam is 13 feet, 9 inches in height and made of high density black granite. The Sarva Dharma Sthamba, located at the front entrance, functions as an icon of singularity, with the sculptural reliefs and symbols of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism, Taoism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Shinto inscribed as a universal welcome.[12]<br />Isha Foundation[edit]<br /><br />Main article: Isha Foundation<br /><br />Saplings being readied for transportation at a PGH nursery.<br />Sadhguru established Isha Foundation, a non-religious, non-profit organisation entirely run by volunteers. The Isha Yoga Center near Coimbatore was founded in 1992, and hosts a series of programs to heighten self-awareness through yoga. The foundation works in tandem with international bodies like the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.[1]<br />Social initiatives[edit]<br />He also founded Project GreenHands (PGH), a grassroots ecological initiative which was awarded the highest Indian environmental award, the Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar, by the Government of India in June 2010.[13] PGH aims to increase the green cover in Tamil Nadu by 10% and has successfully overseen the planting of more than 17 million trees by over 2 million volunteers. In an interview to the National Geographic Green magazine, Sadhguru explained the impetus which led him to establish Project GreenHands: "In the year 1998, certain experts […] made a prediction, by 2025, 60% of Tamil Nadu will be a desert. […] I decided to drive across Tamil Nadu and see for myself if this is true. […] I realized they were completely wrong because it wouldn’t go to 2025, it would happen much faster according to me. […] So from ‘98 to 2003, 2004, I went about planting trees in people’s minds. And since 2004, we are transplanting those trees back to the ground."[14]<br />Action for Rural Rejuvenation (ARR), is an initiative under Isha Foundation, that is aimed towards improving the overall health and quality of life of the rural poor. ARR was established by Sadhguru in 2003 and seeks to benefit 70 million people in 54,000 villages across South India. As of 2010, ARR has reached over 4,200 villages and a population of over 7 million people.[15][16] He has also been involved with agricultural and farmers' associations to work towards resolving issues faced by Indian farmers.[17]<br />Isha Vidhya, is Isha Foundation's educational initiative, which aims to raise the level of education and literacy in rural India. There are seven schools in operation which educate around 3000 students.[18] The foundation has also "adopted" 26 government schools to reach out to students from financially constrained backgrounds, and aims to adopt up to 3000 schools.[19][20]<br />Yoga programs[edit]<br /><br />Sadhguru conducting the Inner Engineering Program at the Bombay Stock Exchange, Mumbai.<br />After the establishment of the ashram, Sadhguru began conducting regular yoga programs at the Isha Yoga Center, including a course for the Indian Hockey team in 1996.[21][22] In 1997, he began conducting classes in the United States[23][24] and in 1998, he began conducting yoga classes for life-term prisoners in Tamil Nadu prisons.[25] From 2011, he began conducting programs with large-scale participation of up to 10,000 and 15,000 participants at once. These large-scale programs have been attended by over 75,000 people in total.[26][27]<br />The programs offered by Sadhguru are offered under the umbrella of Isha Yoga. The word Isha means the formless divine.[28] Isha Yoga's flagship program is 'Inner Engineering' where individuals are initiated into meditation and pranayam and the Shambhavi Mahamudra.[29] He is also conducting yoga classes for the corporate leadership to introduce them to what he calls "inclusive economics," which he says introduces a sense of compassion and inclusiveness into today's economic scenario.[30][31]<br />Sadhguru also regularly conducts Mahasathsangs in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka that include discourses, meditations and question and answer sessions with the audience. These Mahasathsangs are also used as platforms to encourage tree-planting activities.[32] He also takes spiritual aspirants on annual yatras to Mount Kailash and the Himalayas. The Kailash Yatra led by Sadhguru is among the largest groups to make the trip to Kailash, with 514 pilgrims attending the journey in 2010.[33][34]<br />Sadhguru also organises all-night Mahashivarathri celebrations every year at the Isha Yoga Center, which in 2013, were attended by an estimated 600,000 to 800,000 people approximately.[35][36][37] The night includes music, dance and guided meditation sessions. In 2013, performers included Carnatic singer Aruna Sairam, dancer Anita Ratnam and the band, The Raghu Dixit Project.[37]<br />In March 2005, construction of the Isha Institute of Inner-sciences (III) in McMinnville, Tennessee, USA was begun and was completed 6 months later. Sadhguru had decided to established III as a center for spiritual growth in the Western Hemisphere. On 7 November 2008, Sadhguru consecrated the Mahima Hall, a 39,000 square foot, free-standing meditation hall at the III.[38] On 30 January 2010, Sadhguru consecrated the Linga Bhairavi, a representation of the feminine aspects of the divine at the Isha Yoga Center.[4]<br />Participation in global and economic forums[edit]<br /><br />KV Kamath, who was present at the Isha Insight program.<br />Sadhguru has spoken at the United Nations Millennium World Peace Summit in 2000,[39] the World Economic Forum in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009.[40] On 24 June 2013, he conducted a multi-religious session titled, "Interfaith Deliberations on the Universality of Religions" at the Isha Yoga Center, which was attended by representatives of various religions, and coincided with the fourteenth anniversary celebrations of the Dhyanalinga.[41][42]<br />In 2012, he was voted among the hundred most powerful Indians for his contribution in the field of environmental protection and for encouraging public participation in ecological issues.[43] He was also a participant in the 2006 documentary film ONE: The Movie. He has also been involved in one-on-one interactions as part of the "In Conversations With the Mystic" program with Anupam Kher, Jasti Chelameswar, Dilip Cherian, Muzaffar Ali and Tarun Tahiliani.[44][45]<br />In 2012, he initiated the Isha Insight program, which focuses on helping small and medium businesses scale up their business activities. The program was conducted by Ram Charan, with KV Kamath Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao Shankar Annaswamy, Vellayan Subbiah and Pramod Chaudhari also active in the program.[46] In an interview with Forbes magazine, Sadhguru, speaking about the motivation behind setting up the program, said, "While speaking at economic summits and to leaders in India and outside, I have noticed that the most serious issue people have is a lack of insight into what they are doing, or what they could do. That’s how we ended up creating this programme called Insight."[47]</b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05034081477620672531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442531592098592421.post-70450275757642570092014-10-10T23:00:00.002-07:002014-10-10T23:02:49.202-07:00PENGAL - Women - Concept Paintings - by Artist Anikartick and Our Great Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and women's rights<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span dir="auto"><span style="color: yellow;">Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and women's rights</span></span></h1>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><b>Periyar E. V. Ramasamy</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta" xml:lang="ta">பெரியார்</span>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: <span lang="kn" xml:lang="kn">ಪೆರಿಯಾರ್</span> ) (September 17, 1879 – December 24, 1973), also known as <b>Ramaswami</b>,<b>EVR</b>, <b>Thanthai Periyar</b>, or <b>Periyar</b>, was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_reformer" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Social reformer">social reformer</a> and politician from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="India">India</a>, who founded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-2" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-3" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thakurta-1_4-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Thakurta-1-4" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> He advocated for the rights of women and was considered ahead of his time as well as controversial. Throughout the Indian sub-continent today, women continue to be marginalized in various ethnic and religious groups. During the early part of the twentieth century there have been many agitations against British rule (external) and injustices committed amongst the people of the sub-continent (internal). With all this, women's rights have been left in the dark. Periyar stated that, <i>"political reformers are agitating that the privilege of administering "India" should go to "Indians". Social reformers are agitating that communal divisions and differences should be done away with. But nobody takes notice of the great hardship suffered by one section of women. Intelligent people will agree that the creator has not endowed men and women with different faculties. There are, in both men and women, intellectuals, courageous people, as well as stupid and cowardly people. While this is the case, it is unfair and wicked on the part of the haughty male population to continue to denigrate and enslave the female population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-1_5-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-1-5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar has explained that it is extremely cruel on the part of the Hindu brethren to witness the gradual destruction suffered by one half of their society, without taking any action. This apart, men and women are both human beings. The difference in physical features will not change the human quality. The difference in intellect and physical strength which we find among men can be found among women also. Practice improves the position equally in both men and women. Just as there are foolish people, weaklings and people with bad qualities among men, among women also there are likely to be people belonging to these categories.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-2_6-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-2-6" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Dravidian parties</span><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#" id="NavToggle5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; outline: none; position: absolute; right: 3px; top: 0px; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: yellow;">[show]</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Chief Ministers</span><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#" id="NavToggle6" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; outline: none; position: absolute; right: 3px; top: 0px; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: yellow;">[show]</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">With regards to marriage, Periyar has stated that it is one of the worst customs in India. He claimed that the marriage principle, briefly, involves the enslavement of a woman by her husband and nothing else. This enslavement is concealed under the cover of marriage rites to deceive the women concerned by giving the wedding the false name of a divine function.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-3_7-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-3-7" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">There have been numerous papers in South India reporting how husbands have killed their wives, suspecting immoral behavior. The husband's suspicion of his wife's character has often led to murders. Those who believe in the divine dispensation, according to Periyar, do not have the knowledge to ask themselves why marriages conducted according to religious rites and the approval of God end in this fashion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-3_7-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-3-7" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar further states that the very idea that the only proper thing for women to do is to be slaves of domesticity, bear children and bring them up, is a faulty one. As long as these restrictions are imposed on women, we can be sure that women have to be subservient to men and depend on men for help. If women have to live on terms of equality with men, they must have the liberty, like men, to have the kind of education they like and also to do unhampered, any work suitable to their knowledge, ability and taste.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-4_8-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-4-8" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Furthermore, Periyar objected to terms like "giving of a maid" and "given in marriage". They are, "Sanskrit terms" and treat woman as a thing. He advocated the substitution of the word for marriage taken from the Tirukkual "Valkai thunai" or "life partner".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Diehl-1_9-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Diehl-1-9" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Expenses">Expenses</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=2" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Expenses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: yellow;">With marriage comes the expenses. Periyar stated that in our country, and particularly in Hindu society, a marriage is a function causing a lot of difficulties and waste to all people concerned. But those who conduct the marriage function and those who are getting married do not appear to notice the attendant difficulties because they think that social life necessitates wasteful expense and many difficulties and therefore they must necessarily face those inconveniences and hardships.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-5_10-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-5-10" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Wedding feast, jewels, expensive clothes, procession, pandal, dance, music—money is spent on all these to satisfy the vanity of the organizers. Whatever may be the amount of money spent on the wedding and however pompous each of the items may be, the mirth and jollity associated with these are over in two or three days. In a week's time the prestige and honor connected with these are forgotten.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-5_10-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-5-10" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> But the wedding expenses leave many families crushed; for many poor families hese expenses leave an enormous burden and the debts remain uncleared for a number of years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-6_11-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-6-11" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">However, if the money intended for the wedding expense is not borrowed and belongs to either of the marriage parties, then that amount could be used by her to bring up her children and to educate them. Such a procedure would be highly beneficial to her.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-7_12-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-7-12" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arranged_marriages">Arranged marriages</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=3" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Arranged marriages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: yellow;">In South Asia we mostly hear of arranged marriages as part of custom, heritage, and religions. Periyar thought that the Aryan wedding methods were barbarous because of the Aryan religion and art: Vedas, Sastras, Puranas, and Epics belong to the barbaric age. He further stated that is the reason why their wedding methods involve the parents giving the girl, prostituting the girl children and some stranger carrying the girl away by force or stealth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-8_13-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-8-13" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Arranged marriages in general were meant to enable the couple to live together throughout life and derive happiness, satisfaction and a good reputation, even years after the sexual urge and sexual pleasure are forgotten.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-9_14-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-9-14" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">But, with the selfish manipulation of this pact, Periyar claimed that women find 'pleasure' in slavish marriage because they have been brought up by their parents without education, independence and self-respect and because they have been made to believe that marriage means subordination to males. The inclusion of such slavish women in the group of 'chaste' women is another lure to them, leading them to find pleasure in such marriages.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Because a man is also married before he has understood the nature of life, its problems and its pleasures, he is satisfied with the slavish nature of the wife and the sexual pleasure she gives. If he finds any incompatibility, he adapts himself to his partner and the circumstances and puts up with his lot.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-9_14-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-9-14" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Love_marriages">Love marriages</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=4" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Love marriages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Love marriages, claims Periyar, on the other hand will suit only those who have no ideals in life. Such a wedding gives primacy to sexual union along and it is doubtful if it indicates an agreement between the couple for good life. Sexual compatibility alone does not ensure happy married life; the couple should be able to live together cheerfully. Suitability for life or living together can be determined only if the man and woman get used to the company of each other, and are satisfied with each other. Only then, they can enter into an agreement to live together.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-8_13-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-8-13" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar further states that love marriages can give pleasure only as long as there is lust and the ability to satisfy that lust. If there is no compatibility between the partners in other respects, such marriages end only in the enslavement of women. The lies of such women resemble the lives of bullocks which are tied to a cart, beaten up and made to labor endlessly until they die.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-9_14-2" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-9-14" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Therefore, there is a proverb stating, <i>"A deeply loving girl is unfit for family life; a suitable life partner is unfit for love." Periyar believed that the agreement between partners to live together will constitute a better marriage than a love marriage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-9_14-3" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-9-14" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Self-respect_marriages">Self-respect marriages</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=5" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Self-respect marriages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: yellow;">In a leading article of <i>Viduthalai</i>, Periyar states that a self-respect wedding is based on rationalism. Rationalism is based on the individual's courage. Some may have the courage to conduct it during the time which almanacs indicate as the time of the planet Rahu and that, particularly in the evening. Some others may have just enough daring to avoid the Brahmin priest and his mother tongue - the Sanskrit language.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-10_15-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-10-15" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> Some may feel nervous about not keeping the traditional lamp burning in broad daylight. Some others may have the rotten thought that conducting a wedding without 'mangala sutra' is disgraceful.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Still, the self-respect weddings conducted during the past thirty years have some basic limits. They are: Brahmins and their <i>mantras</i> should be utterly avoided; meaningless rituals, piling mud pots, one on another, having the traditional lamp during day time, ritual smoke - all these should be avoided. Rationalism does not approve of these. Periyar then asks why can't the government pass an Act that legalizes weddings which avoid the above-mentioned superstitious practices. If all these details cannot be accommodated in the Act, the latter can legalize weddings which don't have Brahmin priests, the Sanskrit language and the so called holy fire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-11_16-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-11-16" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Thus, marriages styled as Self-Respect marriages carried a threefold significance: a) replacing the Purohit, b) inter-caste equality, c) man-woman equality. Periyar claimed to have performed Self-Respect marriages unofficially since 1925 and officially since 1928.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Diehl-2_17-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Diehl-2-17" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> Self-Respect marriages were legalized in 1967 by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (DMK) Government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Diehl-3_18-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Diehl-3-18" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Widow-remarriage">Widow-remarriage</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=6" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Widow-remarriage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: yellow;">On the remarriage of widows, Periyar states that among the atrocities perpetrated by the Hindu male population against women, here we have to consider the treatment meted out to widows alone. If a girl loses her husband, even before knowing anything of worldly pleasures, she is compelled to close her eyes to everything in the world and die broken-hearted. Even in Periyar's community at the time, there were widowed girls below the age of 13 years. Periyar stated how it is a touching sight to see the parents of those widowed children treating them like untouchables.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-12_19-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-12-19" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">He goes on to say that whatever may be the reason for the present state of the Hindu society, my firm belief that the low position given permanently to widows may prove to be the reason for the utter ruin of the Hindu religion and the Hindu society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-13_20-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-13-20" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">If we try to find the reason for such conduct, we will have to conclude that they instinctively feel that women are slaves, subservient to men and that they must be kept under control. That is why these people treat women like animals. They seem to feel that giving freedom to women is equivalent to committing a very serious crime. The result of this attitude is that there is no independence or freedom to one half of the human race. This wicked enslavement of half of the human race is due to the fact that men are physically a little stronger than women. This principle applies to all spheres of life and the weaker are enslaved by the stronger.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">If slavery has to be abolished in society, the male arrogance and wickedness which lead to the enslavement of women must be abolished first. Only when this is achieved, the tender sprouts of freedom and equality will register growth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-14_21-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-14-21" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">One of the reasons why Periayr hated Hinduism and the orthodoxy practiced in the name of Hinduism was the practice of child marriage. Many of the girl children who were married before they were ten or twelve years old became widows before they knew the meaning of the word. According to the 1921 All India Census the details of the child widows reported living in the country that time were as follows:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan-2_22-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan-2-22" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">1 year baby widows - 497</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">1 to 2 year child widows - 494</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">2 to 3 year child widows - 1,257</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">3 to 4 year child widows - 2,837</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">4 to 5 year child widows - 6,707</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><b><span style="color: yellow;">Total number of widows - 11,342</span></b></li>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">5 to 10 year young widows - 85,037</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">10 to 15 year young widows - 232,147</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">15 to 20 year young widows - 396,172</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">20 to 25 year young widows - 742,820</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">25 to 30 year young widows - 1,163,720</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;"><b>Total number of widows - 2,631,238</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan-2_22-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan-2-22" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-15_23-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-15-23" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></span></li>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar was deeply disturbed when he realized that among the widows in India, 11,892 were little children below 5 years and that young widows below 15 years numbering 232,147 were denied the pleasures of life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-16_24-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-16-24" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">With regards to the re-marriage of widows, Periyar stated that it is the practice of our people to refer to such a wedding as "a widow's marriage". Such an expression is used only with reference to women and in connection with men. Just as this lady is marrying another husband after the death of the first husband, many men marry again after the death of the first wife. But the second marriage of a man is not referred to as "a widower's marriage", though that is the proper thing to do.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar himself was a widower. After becoming one, he took a second wife. He claimed that in the ancient days, both men and women in the country had this practice. There were numerous instances in sastras and puranas of women getting married again after the death of their first husband. Periyar further stated that this is not an unusual practice in the rest of the world though it might appear strange for us at the present time. Christian and Muslim women marry again after the death of the first husband. 90 percent of women in Muslim countries get married again soon after the death of the first husband. This may be unusual in certain sections of Indian societies. But it is a common practice in certain other sections of our society which are called very backward communities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-39_25-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-39-25" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Further, inter-caste marriages and remarriage of widows are on the increase in India. Brahmins oppose these because they are afraid that they cannot exploit the people any more in the name of sastras. For the same reason they oppose the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharada_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sharada Act (page does not exist)">Sharada Act</a> which is necessary for social well-being.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-77_26-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-77-26" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Child_marriage">Child marriage</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=7" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Child marriage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: yellow;">In all the meetings of the non-Brahmins and the Self-Respectors, Periyar condemned child marriages and emphasized the need for educating all girl children and giving right to young widows to get married again.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar has been very much against child marriage and stated that it reflects the cruelty to which innocent girls were subjected by their well-meaning parents. Periyar asked that if these parents can be considered civilized in any sense of the term. There was no other leader other than Periyar who reacted against this practice of child marriage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-16_24-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-16-24" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Those who supported child marriage were strongly against Periyar's condemnation of this act. Take for example, the Sharada Act. Those who opposed this Act say that it was against the Sastras to conduct the marriage of a girl after she has attained puberty. They further say that those who conduct such marriages are committing a sin and therefore will go to hell.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-17_27-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-17-27" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chastity">Chastity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=8" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Chastity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar claimed that "household duties" have risen out of the foolishness of people and were not natural duties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-18_28-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-18-28" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup> He went on to say that it was our selfish greed which has multiplied our household work. Nobody need worry that without household work, the women will lose their "chastity". On chastity, Periyar went on to say that it is something that belongs to women and is not a pledge to men. Whatever, chastity is, it was something that belonged to individuals.</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">In society, it was believed that if people lose their chastity, they will get divine punishment. Others are not going to get that punishment. Referring to the doctrines of institutionalized orthodox religions, he went on to say that men need not to worry themselves that women are committing a sin by not doing household work. Thus, let men realize that women are not slaves and that men are not their masters or guardians. Women should be allowed to develop the competence to protect themselves and their chastity and men need not be their watchdogs. He also believed that it was derogatory for men to play such a role.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">It was said by the orthodox<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2010)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> that women will develop diseases if they lose their chastity. The disease that a woman gets affects the husbands also. If we<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2010)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> educate the women, they will develop the capability to keep themselves and their husbands pure. Thus, Periyar stated in the <i>Kudi Arasu</i> for the society to think deeply about taking a decision and do the right thing for their sisters and girl children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-19_29-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-19-29" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar kindled the thoughts of everybody by also ridiculing the use of the word chastity only with reference to women. (Periyar-Father of Tamil 32) He stated that character is essential for both men and women and that speaking of chastity only with reference to women degraded not merely women but men also. He extended this thought and said that in any sphere of activity, civilized society cannot think of one law for men and another for women. He also said that the way most men treated their women was far worse than the way the upper class people treated the lower class, the way in which rich men treated the poor and the way in which a master treated his slave.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan-1_30-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan-1-30" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=9" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: yellow;">On education, Periyar stated that some foolish parents believe that if girls get educated, they will correspond with their secret lovers. That it is a very foolish and mischievous notion. No parent need be anxious about it. If a girl writes a letter, it will only be to a male. We can even now caution men not to read any love letter addressed to them by a woman and, even if they read it, not to reply to it. If men do not listen to this advice, they, as well as the girls who write them must be punished. It will be a hopelessly bad thing, if parents keep their girl children uneducated for this reason.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-19_29-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-19-29" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">At a speeched delivered by Periyar at the Prize Distribution function in the Municipal School for Girls at Karungal Palayam, Erode, he stated that girl children should be taught active and energetic exercises like running, high jump, long jump,and wrestling so that they may acquire the strength and courage of men. Their time and energy should not be wasted in light pastimes like <i>Kummi</i> (groups going in a circle, clapping their hands rhythmically) and in <i>Kolatam</i> (striking with sticks rhythmically).</span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">In ancient Tamil literature, poets have stressed the value of education for women. In a famous verse, a poet by the name of Naladiar stated that, <i>"What gives beauty to a woman is not the hair style or the patter of her dress or the saffron on her face but only education"</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-20_31-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-20-31" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> In a verse of <i>Eladhi</i> it states, <i>"Beauty does not lie in the style of wailing or in the charm of a blush but only in the combination of numbers and letters (education).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-21_32-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-21-32" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">In a 1960 issue if <i>Viduthalai</i> Periyar stated that <i>"There should be a drastic revolution in the desires and ideals of Indian women. They should equip themselves to do all types of work that men are doing. They should have good domestic life without allowing nature's obstacles in their own lives. Therefore, there should be a welcome change in the minds of our women. The administrators also most pay special attention to the advancement of women"</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-22_33-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-22-33" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=10" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Armed forces">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar advocated for women to be given weapons to protect themselves in reply to a question put in the Central Legislature. He stated that we have no hope that the state governments will do anything in this sphere because most of the state ministers hold the orthodox belief that women are slavish creatures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-22.5_34-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-22.5-34" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup> Though here and there we<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> find women also as ministers, they are old-fashioned traditionalists who will say, "We don't want any kind of freedom. We are perfectly happy with slavery".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-22_33-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-22-33" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">In Periyar's time he explained that "<i>"Indian" women had no self-determination in any sphere of life like education property and marriage. They thought that modern civilization meant dressing themselves like British and American women and adorning themselves. Even our educated women do not entertain any thought that they must enter the police and army departments and learn to pilot airplanes like the women of Russia and Turkey. Just as modern education has made men cowards an book-worms, it has made our women decoratie [</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sic">sic</a><i>] dolls and weaklings</i>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-22_33-2" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-22-33" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">In a leading article written by Periyar in <i>Viduthalai in 1946</i>, he claimed that unless there is a drastic, fundamental and revolutionary change in our<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> administrative machinery, it is impossible to make our women independent beings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-22_33-3" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-22-33" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar goes on to explain that in our country also, there are thousands of women with the courage, competence and desire to work in the police department. Just as girls going to school was considered wonderful and cycle-riding by girls was considered funny, a few years ago, women on police duty may appear to be wonderful or strange for a few years. Then, in course of time, this will be considered natural.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-22_33-4" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-22-33" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">We<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> need methods that will effect an astounding revolution in the world of women. Until we acquire those methods, we will be moving forward like a tortoise and writing and talking about Drowpath and Sita.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-23_35-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-23-35" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar, in a 1932 article of <i>Kudi Arasu</i>, explained that "women should develop physical strength like men. They must take exercise and get training in the use of weapons. They must acquire the ability to protect themselves when any sex-mad person tries to molest them. They should get the necessary training to join the armey [<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] when need arises and fight the enemy. This is the view of all civilized people. Women also wholeheartedly support this view. When the general view in the world is like this, who can accept the statement of some people that there is no use in giving higher education to women?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-22_33-5" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-22-33" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Birth_control">Birth control</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=11" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Birth control">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;"><i>"Others advocate birth-control, with a view of preserving the health of women and conserving family property; but we advocate it for the liberation of women."</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani2-1_36-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani2-1-36" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup></span></li>
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<span style="color: yellow;">In the <i>Kudi Arasu</i> of 1932, Periyar explained the basic differences between the reasons given to us for contraception and the reasons given by others for this. We say that contraception is necessary for women to gain freedom. Others advocate contraception taking into consideration many problems like the health of women, the health and energy of the children, the poverty of the country and the maintenance of the family property. Many Westerners also support contraception for the same reasons. Our view is not based on these considerations. We recommend that women should stop delivering children altogether because conception stands in the way of women enjoying personal freedom. Further, begetting a number of children prevents men also from being free and independent. This truth will be clear if we listen to talk of men and women when their freedom is hampered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-22_33-6" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-22-33" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">He went on to say how birth control does not aim at preventing the birth of children altogether, but aims only at limiting births. A man and his wife may have two children, or at the most, three children. This birth control policy is against bringing forth an unlimited number of children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-24_37-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-24-37" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">While Periyar and the Self-Respect movement were advocating for birth control, Rajaji (C. Rajagopalachariar) very strongly opposed it. Others who opposed birth control was Thiru Adhithanar, the publisher of an extremely popular newspaper, <i>Dina Thandhi</i> at the time. In response to Rajaji's stand against birth control, Periyar explained that he was against this since he was of the Vedic Brahmin community that staunchly engrossed in the Manu Dharma. Thus, limiting births of overpopulation would limit diseases and death from many and therefore leave Brahmin priests without a job of doing ceremonies for the sick and funerals. In a 1959 article of <i>Viduthalai</i> he exclaimed that <i>"If people like Rajaji discover new islands, make the forests habitable, do propaganda for the birth of more and more children and have farms for the upbringing of children, we may be in a position to understand them."</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-25_38-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-25-38" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">During the late 1950s, 80 percent of the men and 90 percent of the women in Tamil Nadu were illiterate. Periyar argued in a 1959 article in <i>Viduthalai</i> that <i>"in this situation, if birth control is not practiced and people are allowed to have any number of children, the result will be the multiplication of castes among the "Sudras", like washermen, barbers, pot-makers, kuravas or gypsies, hunters, fishermen, famers [</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sic">sic</a><i>], toddy tappers, padayachies, pillars, cobblers, pariahs, and a thousand others and a limitless increase in population. The increase in population will foce the 'Sudras' to preserve themselves from starvation by standing with folded hands before lazy fellows and calling them 'swami', 'master' and 'landlord'. What good result can we expect if birth control is not adopted?"</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-26_39-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-26-39" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Previously in a 1933 article of the <i>Kudi Arasu</i>, Periyar, in his words, explained that <i>"even a High Court Judge in India does not know the amount of trouble that a mother takes to bring up a child. If a husband is kind to his wife and shows concern for her health and happiness, he must adopt the contraceptive method. Otherwise, he must be one who could manage to see that in delivery and in the brining [</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sic">sic</a><i>] up of children, she does not have much trouble. Therefore, the proper thing to do now is to drastically cut the expenses mentioned above and spend money on the proper upbringing of children with the help of nurses."</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-27_40-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-27-40" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Property_rights_and_divorce">Property rights and divorce</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=12" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Property rights and divorce">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: yellow;">With regards to property rights for women, Periyar stated that there was no difference between men and women. He went on to say that like men, women should have the right to own property and enjoy its benefits. With regards to divorce or separations, he advocated that a woman can lie away from her husband if he is an undesirable person and if he has nay virulent disease. When a woman has to live apart from her husband in these circumstances, she is entitled to maintenance allowance and a claim on the husband's property. Even if a widow gets remarried, she must be given the right to claim a share of the first husband's property.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-28_41-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-28-41" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">On February 4, 1946, the Central Legislature passed an Act giving the right the Hindu married woman to get from her husband in certain circumstances a separate place to live in and a maintenance allowance. Periyar explained how that it was a useless Act. since it seems that the members of the Hindu Mahasabha and Sanadahnis agitated against the grant of even this right.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-29_42-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-29-42" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Dowry">Dowry</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=13" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Dowry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: yellow;">On the Dowry system practiced widely throughout the Indian sub-continent not only by Hindus but Christians too, Periyar calls it a <i>"serious disease that was spreading fast amongst Tamilians"</i>. He went on to state that the disease was also found in its virulent form among the Andhras and the Brahmins of Tamil Nadu. Periyar also argued that if a man with property worth one lakh has three daughters, he has to become a beggar by the time these daughters are married. In the name of dowry, the parents of the young men who marry the three daughters, squeeze the man's property out of him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-30_43-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-30-43" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">In the 1959 issue of <i>Viduthalai</i>, Periyar stated that, <i>"according to a new legislation, women have the right to a share of the parents' property. Therefore every girl will definitely get her legitimate share from the parents' wealth - if the parents are wealth. It is inhuamane [</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sic">sic</a><i>] on the part of the parents of a boy to dump on him a girl whom he does not like and to plan to such as much as they can from the property of the girl's father. There is basically no difference between selling education and love for money and selling one's chastity for money. 'Prostitute' is a germ of contempt for a woman; a boy should not be reduced by his avaricous [</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sic">sic</a><i>] parents to get the name, 'a prostituted boy' or 'a boy that has been sold'. A father-in-law who has means, however miserly he may be by nature, will not be indifferent when his daughter suffers out of poverty. Therefore, it is very shameful on the part of the bridegroom's parents to demand from the bride's father that at the time of the marriage he should gie jewels worth so many thousands along with so many thousand rupees as dowry and that he should provide the bridegroom with a house and a care. The fact that another party makes such demands at the time of his daughter's marriage does not justify any parent's demands at the time of his son's wedding. All people must realize that both demanding and giving dowry are wrong and they must boldly declare this when occasion arises."</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-31_44-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-31-44" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar calls the dowry an evil and exploitative practice depriving tens of thousands of talented and beautiful young women with sound character remaining spinsters without any chance of getting married.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-32_45-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-32-45" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Devadasis">Devadasis</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=14" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Devadasis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Among the atrocities the Tamil society committed against women was the practice of keeping some women attached to temples as <i>Devadasis</i>. Dr. Muthulakshmi proposed the resolution at the Madras Legislature that the <i>Devadasi</i> system should be abolished. The Government wanted comments on that from all important people. Periyar in his statement pointed out that the <i>Devadasi</i> system was a disgrace to Hindu religion. The fact that, in the name of a temple or a god, some women are kept as common property is an insult to all the women in the society. He also remarked that the prevalence of this system encouraged immorality among men and thus set the pattern for unprincipled life in many families. This was stoutly opposed in the Assembly by Satyamurthi Iyer, an orthodox Congress member, under the pretext of safeguarding the Hindu traditions. It should be said to the credit of Dr. Muthulakshmi and the leaders like Periyar that the proposal of the Doctor was accepted and a law was enacted against the <i>Devadasi</i> system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan-1_30-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan-1-30" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;">Periyar's example of the degradation of women in the <i>Devadasi</i> system is explained that <i>"if a man's physical passion is aroused when his wife is not with him, he immediately goes to a prostitute. Rough stones are planted where cows and bufaloes [</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sic">sic</a><i>] graze to facilitate the animals to rub against the stones when they feel like it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-33_46-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-33-46" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup> Likewise, Devadasis served in temples and in all villages rough stones planted on the borders and they say that these two (employing devadasis and the planting rough stones) are aamong [</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Sic">sic</a><i>] the 32 dharmas mentioned in the sastras. When we consider why his kindness to the suffering and also the 32 dharmas are all bogus"</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Veeramani-33_46-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Veeramani-33-46" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Resolutions_passed">Resolutions passed</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: Arimo, 'Liberation Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women%27s_rights&action=edit&section=15" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s;" title="Edit section: Resolutions passed">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: yellow;">As the Self-Respect conference held in Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu in 1929, the following were among the many resolutions passed with regards for women's rights:</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">Women should be given equal right along with men for the family property.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">There should be no objection to employing women to any job for which they are qualified.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan-4_47-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan-4-47" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; transition: color 0.3s; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: yellow;">Schools, particularly schools, should try to employ only women teachers.</span></li>
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<span style="color: yellow;">At the conference held in Erode in 1930, the same resolutions were passed again reminding the delegates and others that the interest of women was still uppermost in Periyar's mind. M.R. Jayakar who presided oer the Erode conference was greatly impressed by the progressive views of Periyar and other members. He was particularly happy that the movement included not merely non-Brahmin Hindus but Christians and Muslims too. He pointed out that the Self-Respect movement was more progressive than Congress. Furthermore, at the Virudhnagar conference the women members held a separate conference and passed some resolutions demanding that women should have the right to select their life partners without any consideration of religion or community and that weddings should not involve wasteful expenditure and elaborate ceremonies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gopalakrishnan-4_47-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_E._V._Ramasamy_and_women's_rights#cite_note-Gopalakrishnan-4-47" style="background-image: none; display: inline; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup></span></div>
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